1. The First Texans
1. Get your journal and have a pencil ready!!

2. Ancient Texans
People migrated to the Western Hemisphere 35,000 years ago
These ancient Texans walked across the Bering Strait ice bridge
Over time, these people moved south and learned to adapt to their surroundings
We study these people using artifacts

3. Native People of Texas
Between Texas tribes spread throughout the 4 regions
We classify these tribes as: Southeastern, Gulf, Pueblo and Plains cultures

4. Southeastern Tribes Lived in the coastal plains region
These people lived in small groups and shared responsibility for decision making
Believed in nature spirits
Many of the tribes were peaceful, but some were warlike
Some lived in communities while others lived nomadic lives
Caddo, Coahuiltecans

5. Caddos Lived in the eastern part of Texas
24 groups made up the Caddo > confederacies
Each group had its own government, both men and women help important position
Was the most agriculturally advanced of the tribes, growing squash, beans, pumpkins, and corn
Also gathered food and fished/hunted

6. Caddo cont.
Most Caddo lived in permanent villages, in dome-shaped homes that looked like beehives
Often engaged in warfare against other tribes, but worked well with French explorers

7. Coahuiltecans Lived primarily in south Texas plains
All members of the tribe enjoyed equal status and shared work/food
Shamans, healers, led religious ceremonies and healed the sick
Was a nomadic tribe and moved often in search of food
When unable to hunt with bows/arrows (javelina or small boar) they ate cactus, plants, lizards, worms
Many died after being exposed to diseases brought from Europeans

8. Gulf Coast-Karankawas
Lived along the Gulf Coast on small islands
Semi-permanent
March to Sept: built camps near forests and hunted/gathered
Oct-Feb moved to the coast & lived off seafood and water plants
Made and used dugout canoes
One of the first tribes to make contact with European explorers, by 1800s most were displaced or killed
Rumors of cannibalism!!

9. Pueblo Tribes Lived in the Mountains and Basins region
Used adobe from the mountains to form their homes
Often very peaceful tribes

10. Jumano Lived in the present day Texas, New Mexico & northern Mexico
Traded with other tribes and hunted buffalo
Very friendly with the Caddo and traded crops for animal skins/meat
Made pottery and jewelry making them very popular to trade with
Men had striped tattoos on their faces

11. Jumano
Jumanos living in the Big Bend area used farming techniques to grow crops
Lack of rain made farming quite difficult
Gathered cacti and hunted when possible
Jumano homes were made of adobe and very large 28x30 feet
Eventually were run off the land by the Apache

12. Plains Tribes Life in the plains revolved around the buffalo
Horses introduced by Spanish in 1600s
Outstanding hunters/warriors
million buffalo, by 1800s nearly wiped out and along with them the tribes
Tonkawas, Apache, Commanche, Kiowa
n.com/search?Ntt=native+a mericans

13. Apache
Lived all throughout the plains territories > life fully centered on the buffalo
Nomadic
Tribes-Mescaleros and Lipan
Tribes led by a chief
Men expected to be warriors
Became the finest horsemen of the plains
Serious enemies of the Comanche; eventually left the plains and moved more towards the mountains/basins
Geronimo

14. Tonkawa Lived on the Edwards Plateau, near Austin
Some lived on the coastal plains
Unable to really hunt buffalo due to fierce competition from Comanche and Apache
Hunted small game, turtles, rabbits, snakes
Lost many people due to fighting with Europeans and other plains Indians
Eventually moved to reservations

15. Kiowa Allies of the Comanche Nomadic tribe
Could move whole camps in 30 minutes
Lived in large teepees of up to 20 tanned hides
Prized their history and wrote their stories on buffalo hides
Honoring the sun=great things
All males expected to be warriors
Satanta-great leader
Great hunters/fighters, but eventually forced onto reservations with the other plains Indians

16. Comanche Territory was known as Comancheria
Covered Tx plains, OK, KS, CO, NM
Fiercest of the plains tribes
Divided into many small groups
Each group led by a council of older men who made decisions for the tribe

17. Comanche Life centered on 2 activities:
Hunting-buffalo > excellent hunters, even better when horses were introduced
War-fought other tribes and white settlers for control over land (buffalo)
Often raid or steal horses from enemies
Fought until 1875, when loss of the buffalo forced them to accept life on reservations