1. Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas
Plains Peoples
Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and Tonkawas

3. Apache became fierce fighters after arriving in America
Apache comes from the Zuni word apachu which means enemy.
There were six Apache tribes and two lived in Texas: Lipans and Mescaleros.
They were warlike people and among the first to ride horses.
known for raiding other tribes
pushed the Tonkawas and Jumanos out of their territory
pushed out of their territory by the Comanches

4. Apache – Geographic Characteristics
Great Plains
One of the bands lived in the Panhandle, and the other one lived a little further south.
high plains

5. Apache – Food nomads hunter-gatherer farmed a little but mostly hunted
corn, beans, pumpkins, and watermelon
buffalo and small animals
Buffalo was their favorite animal to hunt.
They used the buffalo for everything: food, cooking pots, clothes, shelter, and tools.

6. Apache – Shelter lived in villages
lived in tipis covered with buffalo hides

7. Apache – Appearance
wore clothing made of deerskin and buffalo hide to keep them warm in the winter
men wore breechcloth
women wore buckskin dresses
clothing was often fringed and beaded for decoration
moccasins

8. Apache – Economics traded furs with the Europeans and other tribes
mostly traded things for corn
known for raiding and stealing things like corn and other goods
stole horses from the Europeans

9. Apache – Social close knit families Women were in charge of the home.
cooked
tended to the children
built houses
helped defend against attackers
Men were hunters, warriors, and leaders.
known for raiding other villages and pushing tribes off of their land

10. Apache – Political Each band had its own chief.
elected by a tribal council
Important decisions were made by the tribal council.
Chief’s job was to mediate between other Apaches.

11. Apache – Religion believed in a single creator
believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared
believed that every living thing has a purpose
called on spirits for help in daily loves in religious ceremonies
Women often served as shamans (spiritual leaders).

12. Comanche Fierce warriors of the plains came to Texas around the 1700s
Known as skilled hunters, fighters, and riders
cooperated with the Apaches at first but later pushed them south

13. Comanche – Geographic Characteristics
moved from Wyoming to the Texas Panhandle by riding horses they stole from the Europeans; Great Plains
They pushed both the Apaches and Jumanos further south.

14. Comanche – Food
nomads
hunted buffalo all year long for food, clothing, tools, and shelter
gathered plants, nuts, and other foods

15. Comanche – Shelter lived in tipis
lived in tipis covered with buffalo hide

16. Comanche – Appearance
women had short hair; men wore long hair parted in the middle with a braid on each side
wore clothing made of deerskin and buffalo hide to keep them warm in the winter
men wore buckskin war shirts and breechcloths
women wore deerskin dresses
clothing was often fringed and painted with tribal designs
moccasins

17. Comanche – Economics stole from and traded with other tribes
often traded stolen things, horses, and people previously kidnapped
mostly traded things for crops

18. Comanche – Social Women were in charge of the home.
cooked
tended to the children
built houses
helped defend against attackers
Men were hunters, warriors, and leaders.
known for raiding other villages and pushing tribes off of their land

19. Comanche – Political Each band had its own chief.
elected by a tribal council
Chiefs earned their positions by being skilled fighters.
Important decisions were made by the tribal council.

20. Comanche – Religion believed in a single creator
believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared
believed that every living thing has a purpose
believed in having religious ceremonies

21. Kiowa came to Texas in the 1800s
raided other tribes and white settlers
were enemies of the Comanches but later became allies

22. Kiowa – Geographic Characteristics
Great Plains
lived in the northern Panhandle
high plains

23. Kiowa – Food
nomads
hunted buffalo all year long for food, clothing, tools, and shelter
Hunted small game and rabbits
Gathered wild potatoes, fruits, and nuts

24. Kiowa – Shelter lived in tipis
lived in tipis covered with buffalo hide

25. Kiowa – Appearance
Both men and women had long hair; only cut hair when in mourning
wore clothing made of deerskin and buffalo hide to keep them warm in the winter
men wore buckskin war shirts and breechcloths
women wore deerskin dresses
clothing was often fringed, painted with tribal designs, and decorated with ribbons and fancy beading
moccasins

26. Kiowa – Economics traded with other tribes
liked to trade buffalo hides and meat for crops like corn
raided other tribes
stole horses

27. Kiowa – Social often fought with other tribes
Women were in charge of the home.
cooked
tended to the children
built houses
helped defend against attackers
Men were hunters, warriors, and leaders.
known for raiding other villages and pushing tribes off of their land

28. Kiowa – Political Each band had its own chief.
elected by a tribal council
Chiefs earned their positions by being skilled fighters.
Important decisions were made by the tribal council.

29. Kiowa – Religion believed in a single creator
believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared
believed that every living thing has a purpose
believed in having religious ceremonies

30. Tonkawa Tonkawa means, “the people of the Wolf”.
claimed they were all descended from the wolf
never killed a wolf
refused to farm because wolves didn’t farm
friendly with the Karankawas

31. Tonkawa – Geographic Characteristics
Coastal and Great Plains
lived near present-day Austin and San Antonio

32. Tonkawa – Food
nomads
hunted buffalo all year long for food, clothing, tools, and shelter
became hunter-gatherers after Apaches pushed them out of their territory
gathered roots, seeds, fruit, and nuts
hunted rabbits, skunks, rats, rattlesnakes, and turtles

33. Tonkawa – Shelter lived in tipis covered with buffalo hide
After being pushed out of territory, they covered their tipis with brush and grass.

34. Tonkawa – Appearance Men wore breechcloths and painted buffalo robes.
Women wore wraparound deerskin skirts and shawls made of rabbit fur.
Men wore breechcloths and painted buffalo robes.
made beautifully decorated moccasins but only wore them on special occasions
Hair:
Men- long and braided; sometimes cut the left side short; feather tied to a lock of hair
Women- loose or one long braid
wore tribal tattoos

35. Tonkawa – Economics traded with other tribes
often traded buffalo meat for corn
often traded with Europeans for firearms

36. Tonkawa – Social
friendly and had a good relationship with Karankawas, Coahuiltecans, Jumanos, and Caddoes
enemies with Comanches and Apaches
pushed out of their territory by Apaches and Comanches

37. Tonkawa – Political Each band had its own chief.
elected by a tribal council
Chiefs earned their positions by being skilled fighters.
Important decisions were made by the tribal council.

38. Tonkawa – Religion believed in a single creator
believed the earth was sacred and that no one owned it; it should be shared
believed that every living thing has a purpose
performed dances for religious ceremonies