Sentences Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

Review  A clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb.  An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.  A dependent clause is always used as some part of speech. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.  A phrase is a group of words used as a sentence part. It does not have a subject and a verb.

Compound Sentence  Combines two or more independent clauses.  These clauses can be combined using a comma, a coordinating conjunction, or both.  Example:  Two independent clauses: I went home. I wanted to get some sleep.  Compound sentence: I went home so I could get some sleep.

Coordinating Conjunctions  F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.!!!  For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So  It is important to memorize these conjunctions and their meanings in order to form sentences correctly.

Coordinating Conjunctions In order to:Use this conjunction: Example: Join two sentences that show a reason For I like to read mystery novels, for I love suspense. Join sentences with similar ideas (Addition) AndShe goes to the beach, and she takes her dog. Join two sentences that express negatives Nor I don’t like garlic, nor do I like onions. Join two sentences with contrasting ideas But He won’t get into the concert, but he can try.

Coordinating Conjunctions In order to:Use this conjunction: Example Join sentences to offer a choice OrI will take my kids to a movie, or I will stay home. Join sentences that show a different outcome Yet I want to lose weight, yet I eat chocolate daily. Join sentences to show cause and effect (result) So I will study the fanboys, so I can use them well.

Important!!!!  Sometimes a simple sentence is all you need, but a series of short, choppy sentences can be boring to read. For a variety, use conjunctions to combine simple sentences into compound sentences.  Sometimes joining sentences makes the relationship between them clearer.

Practice!  I looked for the book, ______ I could not find it.  Jeff must have arrived safely, ____ we would have been notified.  I haven’t heard from Becky, _____ do I expect a call soon.  She planned to read the letter, ______ it could not be found.

Practice!  I am going to walk my dog ______ give him a bath.  I want to go to the movies, _____ I don’t have enough free time.  I will finish my homework on Friday _____ I won’t have to do it all on Sunday.  I like to go to the gym, _____ I love the yoga class they offer.

Review!  An independent clause can stand by itself, and is a complete thought.  A dependent clause cannot stand by itself, and is not a complete thought.  A simple sentence has only one clause— an independent clause.  A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses and a coordinating conjunction.

Complex Sentences  A complex sentence is made up of:  One independent clause  One dependent clause  A subordinating conjunction  Example:  When the mailman arrived, the dog barked.

Subordinating Conjunctions TimeCause & EffectContrast after because although before since while as soon as if though as even though whereas when unless until while

Rule of Thumb: Punctuation  Dependent + Independent= Use Comma  When he found out that the price of the buffet did not include a soft drink, Stan settled for a cup of gravy.  Independent + Dependent= No Comma  Mr. Johnson’s teenage son has a brand new car even though he does not have a job.

Practice!  It was raining outside. We went for a walk.  Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.  Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for job interviews.  Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work.  I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too loud.

Practice!  The car was extremely expensive. Bob didn’t have much money. He bought the car.  I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. I leave for work at eight a.m.  Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rain. I put the chairs on the patio in the garage when we have rain.

Practice #1  It was raining outside. We went for a walk. We went for a walk even though it was raining outside.

Practice #2  Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her. If Jenny asks me, I will buy it for her.

Practice #3  Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for job interviews. Because Franklin wants to get a new job, he is preparing for job interviews.

Practice #4  Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work. After Cindy and David had eaten breakfast, they left for work.

Practice #5  I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too loud. I really enjoyed the concert although the music was too loud.

Practice #6  The car was extremely expensive. Bob didn’t have much money. He bought the car. Though Bob didn’t have much money, he bought the extremely expensive car.

Practice #7  I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. I leave for work at eight a.m. I usually work out at the gym before I leave for work at eight.

Practice #8  Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rain. I put the chairs on the patio in the garage when we have rain. If it rains a lot, I put the chairs on the patio in the garage.

Review  A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.  A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses and a coordinating conjunction (f.a.n.b.o.y.s.)  A complex sentence consists of one independent clause, one dependent clause, and a subordinating conjunction.

The Compound-Complex Sentence  Consists of:  Two or more independent clauses  At least one dependent clause  A subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction  In other words, a compound-complex sentence is made up of a compound sentence and a complex sentence.  Example:  Although I like to go camping, I haven’t had the time to go lately, and I haven’t found anyone to go with.

Conjunctive Adverbs  The compound and complex sentences can be joined by a conjunctive adverb FurthermoreMeanwhile ThereforeHence MoreoverThus HoweverNevertheless

Practice.  John went to school, but James remained at home because he had a sore throat.  If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Joe has learned his lesson, but only time will tell.  Those clouds promise rain; we should hurry before we get caught in a flash flood.

Practice  Here is the money that I owe you, and I am happy to be free of debt.  Were you ever in a storm that was full of lightning, or don’t you recall?

Practice.  Tom reads novels. Jack reads comics. Sam only reads magazines.  We decided that the movie was too violent. Our children like to watch scary movies. Our children thought we were wrong.  David prefers watching romantic films. He rented the latest spy thriller. He enjoyed the spy thriller very much.

Practice.  Laura forgot her friend’s birthday. She finally remembered. She sent her a card.  The bird was sitting on his perch. He was happily eating his food. The bird fell.  The store carries lots of grocery-type items. It has other services too. It is the only store in the small town.

Practice-Answers 1. Tom reads novels. Jack reads comics. Sam only reads magazines. While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam only reads magazines.

Practice-Answers We decided that the movie was too violent. Our children like to watch scary movies. Our children thought we were wrong. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

Practice-Answers  David prefers watching romantic films. He rented the latest spy thriller. He enjoyed the spy thriller very much.  Though David prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much.

Practice-Answers  Laura forgot her friend’s birthday. She finally remembered. She sent her a card.  Laura forgot her friend’s birthday, so she sent her a card when she finally remembered.

Practice-Answers  The bird was sitting on his perch. He was happily eating his food. The bird fell.  The bird was sitting on his perch and he was happily eating his food, until he fell.

Practice-Answers  The store carries lots of grocery-type items. It has other services too. It is the only store in the small town.  The store carries lots of grocery-type items and it has other services because it is the only store in the small town.