Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies The Science of Biology Chapter 1 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Outline Properties of Life Organization of Life Biological Themes The Nature of Science  Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning Science in Nature - Ozone Layer Scientific Process Theory and Certainty  Limitations of Science

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Properties of Life Three important properties shared by most living organisms, and non-living objects:  Complexity  Movement  Response to Stimulation

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Properties of Living Organisms Cellular Organization  All living organisms are composed of at least one cell. Metabolism  All organisms use energy. Homeostasis  All organisms maintain stable internal conditions.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Properties of Living Organisms Reproduction  All organisms reproduce. Heredity  All organisms possess a genetic system based on DNA.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Organization of Life Hierarchy of increasing complexity: Organ Systems  Organs - Tissues  Cell  Organelle

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Organization of Life Hierarchy of increasing complexity: Ecosystem - Collection of different communities.  Community - Collection of different populations - Population - Individuals of the same type (species) living together.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Biological Themes Evolution - Genetic change in a species over successive generations. Flow of Energy - All organisms require energy.  Sun is the source of energy driving all ecosystems. - Plants capture energy via photosynthesis.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Biological Themes Cooperation - Cooperation between organisms is a pivotal role in evolution of life. Structure Determines Function - Biological structures are well suited to their functions. Homeostasis - Organisms act to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies The Nature of Science Deductive Reasoning  Examining individual cases by applying accepted general principles. - Mathematics - Philosophy - Politics Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies The Nature of Science Inductive Reasoning  Discovering general principles through examination of specific cases. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Science in Action - Ozone Layer Research found lowered levels of ozone in the upper atmosphere of the Antarctic (25-40 km above surface).  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) culprit - CFC’s condense into ice crystals - US is major producer  Increased ultraviolet radiation (UV) a serious concern.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display CFCs and the Ozone Layer

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Scientific Process Observation - Careful observation of a process or phenomenon. Hypothesis - Guess concerning the observation.  May generate multiple hypotheses. Prediction - Expected consequences of a correct hypothesis. Experiment - Test of a hypothesis.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Scientific Process Experiment - Test of a hypothesis.  Controlled Experiment - All factors influencing the experiment (controls) must be kept constant. Conclusion - Draw a conclusion from the results.  Reject or fail to reject hypothesis.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

Theory and Certainty Theory - Set of hypotheses that have been thoroughly tested over time, and generally accepted by the scientific community.  Acceptance is always provisional - To the general public a theory is synonymous with a guess due to lack of knowledge.

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Limitations of Science Scientific study is limited to area that can be observed and measured.  Cannot be used to address all questions.  Bound by practical limits - Temporal and spatial considerations

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Review Properties of Life Organization of Life Biological Themes The Nature of Science  Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning Science in Nature - Ozone Layer Scientific Process Theory and Certainty  Limitations of Science

Johnson - The Living World: 3rd Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display