1. The Science of Biology Chapter 1
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2. Five Basic Characteristics of living things 1. Life is organized:
What is Life?
Five Basic Characteristics of living things
1. Life is organized:
Atoms, molecules
Cells
Tissues, organs
Populations, community
Ecosystem, biosphere
Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

3. What is Life?
Five Basic Characteristics (continued)
2. Energy is required
Photosynthesis, respiration
3. Living things sense and respond
Homeostasis
4. Living things grow & develop
5. Reproduction

4. General principles used to predict specific results.
The Nature of Science
Deductive Reasoning
General principles used to predict specific results.
Inductive Reasoning
Arriving at a conclusion based on observations.
Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

5. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
In Darwin’s time, most people believed species had not changed over time
Darwin argued species change due to forces in nature.
Served as naturalist on mapping expedition around coast of South America.

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7. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin studied the work of other scientists:
Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology talked about the age of the earth being billions of years
Most people believed earth to be only thousands of years old

8. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Thomas Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
Populations grow geometrically but resources grow arithmetically.
Organisms have the potential to produce more offspring than can survive
Limited by resources

9. Darwin’s Evidence
Darwin observed characteristics of similar species varied from place to place.
Geographical patterns suggested lineages gradually change as species migrate.
Animals and plants on relatively young islands closely resembled those on nearby South American coast.

10. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin made the association that individuals that possess certain characteristics are more likely to survive than those that do not possess those characteristics.
Favorable characteristics are passed on to offspring.
Over time, frequency of the favorable characteristics increases in the population.

11. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin knew animal breeders selected certain varieties to produce certain characteristics (artificial selection).
Noted character differences appeared to be greater than those in wild populations.
Suggested evolutionary changes could occur in natural populations as well.
Natural Selection

12. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin’s Timeline
Original draft of The Origin of Species finished in 1842.
Shelved for 16 years.
Alfred Wallace sent manuscript with similar ideas to Darwin in 1858.
The Origin of Species released in November 1859.

13. Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence
Fossil Record-
shows organisms have changed
Age of the Earth-
shows Earth is quite old
Mechanisms of Heredity-
DNA shows relationships among living things
Comparative Anatomy-
shows relatedness
Molecular Biology-
Development Patterns-

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Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies