1. The Science of Biology Chapter 1
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2. Five Basic Characteristics of living things Organization
What is Life?
Five Basic Characteristics of living things
Organization
Atoms, molecules
Cells
Tissues, organs
Populations, community
Ecosystem, biosphere
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3. Five Basic Characteristics (continued) Energy
What is Life?
Five Basic Characteristics (continued)
Energy
Photosynthesis, respiration
Sense and Respond
Homeostasis
DNA
Growth
Development
Reproduction
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4. General principles used to predict specific results.
The Nature of Science
Deductive Reasoning
General principles used to predict specific results.
Inductive Reasoning
Arriving at a conclusion based on observations.
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5. Possible answer to the question, testable
How Science is Done
Observation
Question (s)
Hypothesis
Possible answer to the question, testable
Experiment - Test of hypothesis.
Try to eliminate one or more competing hypotheses.
Establish controls by holding all variables but one constant.
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6. Accept or reject hypotheses Report
How Science is Done
Record Results
Data and observations
Conclusions
Accept or reject hypotheses
Report
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7. Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed
Raven - Johnson - Biology: 6th Ed. - All Rights Reserved - McGraw Hill Companies

8. Untested or limited testing done Theory
Hypothesis vs. Theory
Hypothesis
Possible answer
Untested or limited testing done
Theory
Hypothesis that has been tested
A lot of evidence to support
Widely accepted
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9. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
In Darwin’s time, most people believed species were immutable over time (no change since beginning)
Darwin argued species change due to the operation of natural laws that produced change over time (evolution).
Served as naturalist on exploratory expedition around coast of South America.
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10. H.M.S. Beagle Voyage
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11. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin studied the work of other scientists:
Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology talked about the age of the earth being billions of years
Most people believed earth to be only thousands of years old
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12. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Thomas Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
Populations grow geometrically but resources grow arithmetically.
Even though every organism has the potential to produce more offspring than can survive, population sizes remain relatively constant over time.
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13. Darwin’s Evidence
Darwin observed characteristics of similar species varied from place to place.
Geographical patterns suggested lineages gradually change as species migrate.
Struck that animals and plants on relatively young islands closely resembled those on nearby South American coast.
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14. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin made the association that individuals that possess certain characteristics are more likely to survive than those that do not possess those characteristics.
Favorable characteristics are passed on to offspring.
Over time, frequency of the favorable characteristics increases in the population.
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15. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin knew animal breeders selected certain varieties to produce certain characteristics (artificial selection).
Noted character differences appeared to be greater than those in wild populations.
Suggested evolutionary changes could occur in natural populations as well.
Natural Selection
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16. Inventing the Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin’s Timeline
Original draft of The Origin of Species finished in 1842.
Shelved for 16 years.
Alfred Wallace sent manuscript with similar ideas to Darwin in 1858.
The Origin of Species released in November 1859.
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17. Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence
Fossil Record
Fossils dating back 3.5 billion years add multiple lines of evidence.
Age of the Earth
Earth formed 4.5 bya.
Mechanisms of Heredity
Field of genetics accounts for new variations.
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18. Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous Structures - Have same evolutionary origin, but now differ in structure and function.
Analogous Structures - Have similar structure and function, but different evolutionary origins.
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19. Evolution After Darwin: More Evidence
Molecular Biology
Biochemical tools
DNA analysis
Development Patterns
Similarities have been noted in the development stages of many different organisms.
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20. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Evidence Theory of Natural Selection
Review
Properties of Life
The Nature of Science
Scientific Method
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evidence
Theory of Natural Selection
Evolution After Darwin
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21. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission required for reproduction or display
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