LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS INDONESIA PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES TSUNAMIS CYCLONES FLOODS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE

PLATE TECTONICS MAP

INDONESIA

REGIONAL TECTONICS The Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates meet in Indonesia, creating a tectonic setting that generates earthquakes and volcanoes.

REGIONAL TECTONICS The Indo-Australian plate is moving northward while being subducted under the Eurasian plate creating a zone marked by a submarine trench that can be traced from the northern tip of Sumatra to the Lesser Islands.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ON EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKES AS PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” INDONESIA EXPERIENCES EARTHQUAKES AS A RESULT OF ONGOING SUBDUCTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIA TECTONIC PLATES

SUBDUCTION ZONE

INDONESIA: SEISMICITY

INDONESIA’SCOMMUNITIESINDONESIA’SCOMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS QUAKE HAZARDS BLDGS., LIFELINES VULNERABILITY LOCATION EARTHQUAKE RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS MEANS THAT YOU UNDERSTAND THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG GROUND SHAKING AND PLAN IN ADVANCE.

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES PROTECTION OF PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND INFRA- STRUCTURE WITH MODERN CODES AND STANDARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR MASSIVE GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE RECENT EARTHQUAKES DECEMBER 26, 2004 –- M9.3 SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 — M7.6 OCTOBER 1, 2009 — M6.6

THE EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI DISASTER OF DECEMBER 26, 2004 A reverse fault ruptured the sea floor for more than 1,000 km, generating a M9.3 earthquake and a tsunami that traveled the Indian Ocean, devastating Indonesia and other rim countries, leaving over 220,000 dead.

THE EARTHQUAKE The M9.3 earthquake was located 260 km (155 miles) from Banda Ache, SUMATRA

LOCATION

THE TSUNAMI A major tsunami that traveled the Indian Ocean was generated in the December 26, 2004 subduction-zone earthquake.

SUDDEN CHANGE IN VOLCANIC ACTIVITY After the December 26, 2004 M9.3 Banda Ache earthquake and tsunami occurred, volcanic activity increased with some of Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes becoming active again.

LOCATION

THE WEST SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE: SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 A devastating M7.6 earthquake occurred on Wednesday night, September 30, It occurred on the same fault system that broke on December 26, 2004, generating the M9.3 earthquake and the devastating Indian Ocean tsunami.

THE JAMBI EARTHQUAKE OF OCTOBER 1, 2009 A M6.6 earthquake occurred on Thursday morning, October 1, just as the airport was reopening and rescue teams were beginning their work. Fortunately, the epicenter was 230 km (140 miles) southeast of the M7.6 quake.

PADANG PARIAMAN: OCTOBER 1, 2009 Before the earthquake, Padang Pariaman, closest to the quake’s epicenter in the Indian Ocean, was a cluster of villages built on the flanks of surrounding mountains, overlooking rice paddies and a river. A landslide triggered by the quake destroyed the villages and the road that connected them.

LANDSLIDE: PADANG PARIAMAN

SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIES

PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009 The port city of Padang (population of 900,000) was in chaos on Thursday, October 1, after a powerful M7.6 earthquake struck the island of Sumatra on Wednesday. Fires were burning, sirens blaring, dazed residents wandering in streets covered with rubble, and hundreds trapped beneath collapsed buildings.

PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009 Nearly every building over three stories in Padang suffered damage from the first quake, which was just 50 km (30 miles) away. Padang’s three main hospitals collapsed.

PADANG

PADANG: COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS

PADANG: FIRE

PADANG: DAMAGE

PADANG: COLLAPSED BUILDING

PADANG: OCTOBER 1, 2009 At least 1,300 people were dead, but... The death toll was expected to rise as search and rescue workers dug into collapsed hospitals, offices, hotels, homes, buried villages, and a school, where an estimated 3,000 people were trapped under the rubble.

PADANG: DAMAGED AND COLLAPSED BUILDINGS

PADANG: RUBBLE FROM COLLAPSED BUILDINGS

PADANG: SEARCH AND RESCUE

LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL EARTHQUAKES CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

PRELIMINARY IMPACTS The powerful earthquakes devastated 10,581 houses, 88 public facilities, 77 places of worship, 76 school buildings, and 68 government offices in Pariaman alone.

NOTE: Indonesia’s long, slow recovery process from the December 26, 2004 earthquake/tsunami disaster was hindered by these quakes.

MANY HELPING HANDS FROM ABROAD, AS IN 2004 Helping hands were extended immediately by a number of countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Saudi Arabia, the UK, the USA, Germany, South Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Denmark, Switzerland, Thailand, Taiwan and Norway.

POLICY ADOPTION RISK ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY ASSESSMENT COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR EARTHQUAKES EARTH- QUAKES EXPECTED LOSS