1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS PART III D: CHINA LANDSLIDES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE CHINA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK FLOODS TYPHOONS EARTHQUAKES LANDSLIDESS DROUGHT EPISODES GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE

3. CHINA’SCOMMUNITIESCHINA’SCOMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS LANDSLIDE HAZARDS BLDG. INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION LANDSLIDE RISK RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENCE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

4. POLICY ADOPTION RISK ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY ASSESSMENT COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES TOWARDS LANDSLIDE DISASTER RESILIENCE LAND- SLIDES EXPECTED LOSS

5. MAP OF CHINA’S PROVINCES

6. LANDSLIDES LARGE VOLUME LANDSLIDES OCCUR IN ASSOCIATION WITH AN EARTHQUAKE’S GROUND SHAKING OR A TYPHOON’S RAINFALL

7. M8.0 BEICHUAN EARTHQUAKE GENERATED LARGE VOLUME LANDLIDES 2:30 PM LOCAL TIME MAY 12, 2008

8. BEICHUAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE: MAY 12, 2008

9. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTHQUAKE Epicenter was located 100 km (60 miles) from Chengdu, the provincial capital, which is on edge of the Tibetan foothills and home to about 10 million people. This earthquake occurred on a well known fault zone, which has generated destructive earthquakes in the past (e.g., on 25 August 1933).

10. CHANGDU, 100 KM FROM EPICENTER

11. COMPARISON WITH 1976 TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE The Beichuan earthquake was more than 2 x larger than the July 28,1976 Tangshan earthquake, which caused 255,000+ deaths.

12. EMERGENCY RESOURCES More than 20,000 military personnel were ordered immediately to assist in high- damage areas. The number was increased substantially to deal with the “earthquake lakes.”

13. SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF THE LANDSLIDES Some roads were impassable because of landslides, which hindered search and rescue,--- but, worst of all, 69 unique “earthquake lakes” were created by the landslides in mountainous regions.

14. SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIES

15. LANDSLIDE: JINGXIU

16. LANDSLIDE: HANWANG

17. LANDSLIDE: MIANZHU

18. 69 EARTHQUAKE LAKES Created by the quake- induced landslides

19. ONE OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES": BEI HE RIVER DAMMED BY LANDSLIDE DEBRIS

20. DAYS 14-17: CHINA EARTHQUAKE SURVIVORS NOW HAVING TO COPE WITH THREAT OF FLOODS FROM 69 EARTHQUAKE LAKES

21. DAYS 14-17: GOVERNMENT MAKES RISK REDUCTION ON 69 "QUAKE LAKES" A TOP PRIORITY Sixty-nine “Quake Lakes” created in mountainous areas by the debris from landslides appeared ready to burst their banks, and continuing rainfall was exacerbating the threat.

22. $29 million in emergency funds and increased military resources were allocated for the priority effort.

23. DAYS 14-17: GOVERNMENT PLANS EVACUATIONS TO REDUCE RISK IF A "QUAKE LAKE" SHOULD BURST Authorities announced plans to evacuate more than a million people in anticipation of failure of the rock-and-mud embankments.

24. EVACUATION CHALLENGE Evacuation would have to be accomplished within one to four hours, the time for the wall of water to reach and inundate scores of cities and rural villages that were already devastated.

25. BEICHUAN: 3.3 KM (2 MI) DOWN- STREAM FROM A "QUAKE LAKE"

26. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL NATURAL HAZARDS CAPACITY FOR INTELLIGENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.

27. FLEEING POSSIBLE FLOODING

28. EVACUATIONS TO ESCAPE FLOODING THREAT

29. EVACUATING

30. EVERYONE GOES

31. THIRTY GIANT EARTHMOVERS FLOWN IN TO QUAKE LAKES

32. SOLDIERS DISPATCHED TO CREATE DIVERSION CHANNELS

33. GOAL: A DIVERSION CHANNEL IN FIVE DAYS OR LESS

34. EVERY HOUR IS IMPORTANT

35. TANGJIASHAN, LARGEST OF 69 "QUAKE LAKES"

36. RISING WATER IN TANGJIASHAN CAUSES EVACUATION OF YULI, MAY 31

38. NO DAMAGE TO THREE GORGES DAM:1,000 KM AWAY

39. SOLDIERS REPAIR CRACKS IN ZIPINGPU DAM:DUJIANGYAN

40. LESSONS LEARNED FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE ALL NATURAL HAZARDS CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE.