Chapter 1 Section 4 Page 20

 Define Reformation  What provided reading material to the masses?  What was Martin Luther’s 95 theses?  _________ were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory

 Reformation – a religious movement in 16 th century Europe, growing out of a desire for reform in the Roman Catholic Church leading to the establishment of various Protestant churches.  The printing Press  A dispute and critique of the indulgences as corrupting people’s faith.

 exploration-of-north- america/videos/columbus-quest-for-gold exploration-of-north- america/videos/columbus-quest-for-gold

 Renaissance – period when Europeans began investigating all aspects of the physical world.  Europeans communities based on social hierarchy – organized according to rank.  Monarchs & nobles at the top of hierarchy.  Peasants at the bottom (majority)  Nobility offered land & protection to peasants.  Few individuals moved beyond to rank they were born in to.

 Merchant class did move up the social ladder.  Monarchs needed them to finance overseas exploration & expansion.

 Extended family not as important  Life centered around nuclear family  Gender determined the division of labor

 Church called Christian armies to force Muslims out of the Holy Land near Jerusalem.  1096 – 1270 launched the Crusades – series of military expeditions in the Middle East.  Failed to “rescue” the Holy Land  Consequences 1. Sparked an increase in trade 2. Weakened the power of the nobles 3. Decreased the power of the pope

 Disagreements over church authority & corrupt polices led to the Reformation.  Reformation – divided Christianity in western Europe b/w Catholicism and Protestantism.

 Crusades opened up Asian trade routes.  New markets established  Silk  Tea  Porcelain  Europe’s population recovered from the plagues increasing city growth.  Stimulated commerce  The expansion of Europe pushed Europeans to look to other lands.

 Crusades weakened the nobility and strengthened monarchies.

 Led to more secular spirits, an interest in worldly pleasures.  New confidence in human achievement  Started in Italy and spread north  Artists use realism  Stress individualism  Prompted many to seek glory through adventure, discovery, & conquest.

IV. Europe Enters a New Age of Expansion A. Overland Travel to Asia Expense, danger of journeys lead to search for alternative route C. Portugal Takes the Lead Prince Henry of Portugal called “Henry the Navigator” - founds sailing school - sends Portuguese ships to explore west coast of Africa Traders sail around Africa via Indian Ocean; increase profit B. Sailing Technology Navigating instruments, new sailing technology promote exploration

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

 The crusades weakened the nobility and strengthen monarchies.  By the late 100s four major nations were taking shape in western Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, and England.

1.5 Transatlantic Encounters Columbus’s voyages set off a chain of events that bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

The Mentality Mercantilism - Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported to build up it’s supply of gold and silver (wealth). All profits went to the Nation!!! Zero-sum gain - There is a fixed sum of wealth in the world, and for every winner there is a loser… Question: Why do you think Europeans went exploring? Answer: MONEY and RESOURCES!!! War was a big drain!

Motivations (for): 1) Europeans were also looking for new trade routes to India, China, and other places… Why? 2) Europeans were also looking to spread Christianity… 1) The 3 G’s - God, Gold, and Glory 2) Capabilities

I. Columbus Crosses the Atlantic A. First Encounters In 1492, Christopher Columbus attempts to reach Asia by sailing west Meets Taino —natives of Caribbean; renames their island San Salvador B. Gold, Land, and Religion Columbus searches for gold, claims lands for Spain, plants crosses Explores small islands and coastlines of Cuba, Hispaniola

God: Spread the good word! Christopher Columbus sets out to find new Trade routes to India and China to cut out the middle-men (the Ottomans) The Ottomans were Muslims… bad to Christians… Every time Europeans wanted to trade with China or India they had to pass through Ottoman trading posts; this meant that they had to give money to the Muslims. If money = power, who was getting powerful in this deal?

NEXT C. Spanish Footholds Columbus leads 3 more voyages; takes soldiers, priests, colonists Spanish and others first occupy Caribbean island, then mainland

A. Three Cultures Affect One Another Columbus returns to Spain (1504), disappointed did not find China People transformed as unfamiliar customs come together Impossible to impose European ways on others— blended society emerges V. A New Society is Born

Cause: Crusades Effect: Cause: Reformation Effect:

Changes in western Europe