 Napoleon- The military genius who became ruler of France.  Napoleonic Code- A system of laws for France created by Napoleon that promoted order & authority over individual rights.

 EQ: WHAT EVENTS CAUSED THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEAN?

 What governments were adopted by France during the Revolution?

 Born on the island of Corsica  Family were minor nobles  When he was 20 years old, he became a lieutenant in the army 1. Military successes  1793, drove British forces out of the Port of Toulon 2. Led expedition to Egypt  Disaster  However, important discovery made-Rosetta Stone

 1799, Directory is corrupt and a failure  Napoleon sets up 3 man governing board, The Consulate  New Constitution is created  Napoleon names himself 1 st Consul  1802 becomes consul for life  1804 he became so powerful he declared himself emperor

 Each step in his rise to power was legitimate  Napoleon held plebiscites  Ballots which voters say yes or no on an issue  He was always strongly supported!

 Stability and Order  Regulated the economy, controlled prices, encouraged new industry, built roads  Public schools  Concordat of 1801  Made peace with Roman Catholic Church  Allows religious freedom but Church still under state control  Encouraged emigres to return to France  Allowed peasants to retain land purchased from Church and nobles during Revolution

 New Law Code  Embodied Enlightenment principles  Equality before the law  Religious toleration  Advancement based on merit  He also undid reforms of the Revolution  Women lost many of the rights they gained  Considered minors before the law

  Annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany  He placed friends and relatives on the thrones of Europe  Placed his brother on the throne of Spain  Divorced his wife to marry a Hapsburg princess  Allowed him to claim kinship to the ancient ruling families of Europe

 Britain was their main enemy  Napoleon wanted to invade England  1805, French fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Trafalgar  Napoleon instead wages an economic war through the Continental System  Closed European ports to British goods  Britain responds with blockade of European ports  Failed to destroy Britain and hurts French economy

 Portugal defies Continental System  Napoleon takes his army through Spain and removes the Spanish King in favor of his brother Joseph  Spanish Guerilla fighters cause massive French losses- 300,000

 Tsar Alexander I resigns from Continental system  Napoleon responds by invading with 600,000 soldiers from France and other European countries  Disaster

 To avoid Napoleon’s army, Russia retreats east and used “Scorched Earth Policy”  Burned villages and crops as they went  Policy left Napoleon’s army hungry and cold  Famine, snow and ice defeat Napoleon

 Napoleon retreats  Less than 100,000 of 600,000 survived  Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia defeat Napoleon  Napoleon’s reputation is shattered  Napoleon is forced to abdicate his thrown  He is exiled to the island of Elba  Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, is made King

 Napoleon escapes from Elba and returns to France  Louis XVIII runs away  March 1815 Napoleon becomes Emperor

 Defeated after only 100 days  Duke of Wellington crushes the French in the Battle of Waterloo  Napoleon is exiled once again, this time to St. Helena, never to return

 September 1814-June 1815  Important players:  Prince Metternich of Austria  Czar Alexander I of Russia  Lord Castlereagh of Britain

 Create a long lasting Peace  Restore the balance of Power to Europe  Restore the ruling families that were in power before French Revolution  No one nation should be strong enough the threaten the security of the other

 EQ: WHAT EVENTS CAUSED THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEAN?

 What were 3 blunders that led to Napoleon’s downfall?  How was Russia able to defeat Napoleon?  What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna?