Chapter 11: The Islamic World Section 2: The Spread of Islam

Expansion of Islam Abu Bakr becomes successor to Muhammad Caliph- “successor to the Prophet” Unites Arabic tribes Expands Islamic influence northward

Umar Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliph Strong leader with a well-run government Muslim Empire includes Syria, Persia, and North Africa

Arab Policies Conquered with war and treaties Did not require people to convert to Islam Accepted Christian and Jewish teachings Could choose to accept Islam or pay extra taxes Some who refused to convert were killed

Continued Expansion Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death, Muslims controlled part of India and much of North Africa Gained control of Mediterranean islands for trade routes By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered Spain and brought Islam to Europe

Division in the Islamic Community Disagreements about who should be caliph Uthman (successor of Umar) was murdered; Ali is chosen as successor Mu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman) accuses Ali of helping the killers War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes caliph

Sunni Muslims who accepted Mu ‘awiyah as caliph Followers of the Sunna; “way of the Prophet” Believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle the religious matter

Shi ‘ah Insist that descendants of Ali should be caliph Imams - Ali’s descendants – should decide religious and worldly matters The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn The division still exists today; only 10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah

Sufi Simple lives centered around God Faith of God was the only mark of a person’s worth Rabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first female Sufi mystic Poetry and writings still inspire Muslims today

Questions: What two empires did the Muslims engulf during its expansion? What made Islam so successful in its expansion? Why is the Dome of the Rock significant to Muslims? Why did Muhammad want an unmarked grave?

Empire Continues to Spread Berbers led a Muslim army to Spain under Tariq Crossed between Africa and Europe- known as Jabal Tariq (Rock of Gibraltar) Became known as the Moors; ruled Spain for 700 years

The Turks and Islam 1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends and Turks become ruling force in Islam Turkish troops settle around Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph Turks loyalty begin to shift to a sultan- ruled the Turks; claimed to serve the caliph

The Turks and Islam 1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia Minor Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. 1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion slowed; Christians began to capture cities in the West- Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the East