1. The Spread of Islam

2. I. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
632: Muh. Died
Abu Bakr chosen as successor
Caliph = “successor of the Prophet”

3. A. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, & Ali
All knew Muh.
Rule = caliphate
Abu Bakr promised to uphold what Muh. stood for
Some abandoned Islam
“jihad” (striving in the
path of God)
Islam expanded
634: Abu Bakr died &
Muslim state controlled
all of Arabia

4. Umar (2nd caliph)
Conquered Syria & lower Egypt

5. Uthman & Ali cont’d to expand Muslim territory
750: stretched 6,000 mi.

6. Arab policy toward conquered peoples made conquests easier
More tolerant than other conquerors
Christians & Jews converted or paid tribute
w/in 100 yrs. of Muh’s death

7. Attempt to take Const. failed
711: Berbers (N.Af followers) invaded Spain led by Tariq (against Visigoths)
Jabal Tariq (“Mtn. of Tariq”)
Spain = easy conquest
732: Battle of Tours
Stopped advance of
Moors into Euro.

8. B. Reasons for Success 1. Victories = Allah’s support
Great inspiration & morale from faith
2. Muslim armies were well-disciplined & commanded
3. people were persecuted under Byz.
rule

9. II. Internal Conflict Creates Crisis
656: Uthman was murdered (civil war)
Ali (Muh’s cousin & son-in-law) became next caliph
661: Muawiya (Uthman’s cousin)
Accused Ali of protecting Uthman’s assassins
Ali & Muawiya went to war
Ali was assassinated (Muawiya took power)

10. Umayyads came to power Moved Muslim capital to Damascus
Helped control conquered lands
Abandoned the “simple” life…surrounded themselves w/wealth
Helped give rise to a division in the umma

11. A. Division in the Umma Most accepted Umayyads’ rule
Shi’at Ali (“party of Ali”) (Shi’a)
caliph (imam) had to be descendent of the Prophet Muh.
10% of Umma
Sunni
90% of Umma
Est. in 661 (Muawiya)

12. 750: rebels overthrew Umayyads
Abbasids took control

13. III. Islamic Control Spreads
Abbasids murdered Umayyads
Abd al-Rahman escaped to Spain to est. a caliphate
Spain = conquered by Muslims (N.Af)
732: Muslims advanced w/in 200 mi. of Paris – stopped at Battle of Tours

14. A. Abbasids Consolidate Power
762: capital moved to Baghdad
Trade routes
Developed strong bureaucracy
Treasury
Army
Diplomats
Supported by taxes

15. B. Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
Abbasid Caliphate ( )
Failed to maintain control
Independent Muslim states sprang up
Fatimid caliphate
Formed by Shi’a
Claimed descent from Muh’s daughter Fatima
Fatimids & smaller states were still connected thru religion, language, & trade

16. C. Muslim Trade Network Med. Sea & Indian Ocean Silk Roads
Engaged in sea trade w/world
Silk Roads
Single language