1. Chapter 9 - The Islamic World Section 2: The Spread of Islam

2. Section 2: The Spread of Islam
Main Idea
After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major empire within 100 years. While the empire eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam continued to spread.
Reading Focus
How did Islam evolve after Muhammad’s death?
What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?
What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?
What led to the end of the caliphate’s unity?

3. I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
AD Muhammad died without naming a
successor; Abu Bakr chosen as caliph
Muhammad and Abu Bakr visit poor Bedouins who have no food to share until the Prophet makes their ewe give milk

4. I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Abu Bakr built an Arab army, unified Arabia,
and led forces north

5. I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph;
conquered Persian Empire and Iraq

6. I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Arabs attacked the Byzantine Empire; took
Syria, Jerusalem, and Egypt

7. II. Internal conflict and Division
Uthman became next caliph, supported by
Umayyad clan; was soon murdered

8. II. Internal conflict and Division
Disagreement over caliph split Muslims; Ali
chosen as caliph; war between Ali’s forces and
Umayyads
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (c ) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661

9. II. Internal conflict and Division
Ali was assassinated; Umayyads took control
and Mu‘awiyah became caliph
Mu’awiyah: First caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty

10. II. Internal conflict and Division
Most Muslims accepted Mu‘awiyah as caliph –
the Sunni, or “followers of the Sunna”

11. II. Internal conflict and Division
Ali’s followers believed only his descendants
should be caliphs; the Shia – “party of Ali”

12. II. Internal conflict and Division
Split deepened when Mu‘awiyah’s descendants
killed Ali’s son, Husayn
Mausoleum of Imam Husayn, Kerbala, Iraq

13. Now I Get It: Sunni vs. Shia by Katie Couric Yahoo Global News Anchor Katie Couric explains why there’s such bad blood between Sunni and Shia Muslims in Iraq. Sunni vs Shia Muslims

14. II. Internal conflict and Division
A third group emerged - the Sufi, Muslim
mystics who lived simple lives centered on God

15. Whirling Dervishes
The Sufi Whirling Dervishes of Istanbul - YouTube

16. III. The Umayyad Dynasty
Muslim rule spread under the Umayyad caliphs

17. III. The Umayyad Dynasty
Achievements:
Arabic official language
Common currency
First work of Islamic architecture - Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

18. The winged steed Buraq, carries Muhammad to the "farthest mosque"
Muhammad meets Gabriel on his night journey

19. IV. The Abbasid Dynasty 740s – the Abbasids, led by descendants of
Muhammad’s uncle, wipe out Umayyads

20. IV. The Abbasid Dynasty Abbasids move capital to Baghdad; end of
Arab domination of Muslim world

21. V. The End of Unity
European Christian armies weaken Muslim rule: i.e. Spain and Crusades

22. V. The End of Unity
1055 – Seljuk Turks rose to power and took control of Baghdad

23. V. The End of Unity
Mamluks took control of Egypt and Syria

24. V. The End of Unity
1258 Mongols destroy Baghdad, kill Abbasid caliph – the end of the caliphate