James I *Divine Right “Kings are justly called gods, for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power on earth.” *Struggled with Parliament over money.

King James Bible, 1611

* An attempt by some Catholics (Guy Fawkes) to kill King James I and most of the Protestant nobles. *Tried to blow up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament. *5 th of November Guy Fawkes

Executions of the Gunpowder Plotters

Charles I (son of James) *Continued to struggled with parliament over $$$$, dissolved it to get his way *Petition of Right -Forced to sign by Parliament, although later ignored it -Set a precedent that the law was higher than the king.

* In return for money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed: No imprisonment without due cause. No taxation without Parliament’s consent. No putting soldiers in private homes. No martial law during peacetime. *Charles signed it, and then ignored it, dissolving Parliament!

*Between supporters (Royalists / Cavaliers) and enemies (Roundheads- mostly puritans) of Charles I *WHY: Charles recalled Parliament to get money for a war against Scotland and Parliament instead limited royal power so he tried to arrest them. *Puritans win with General Oliver Cromwell.

Royalists (Cavaliers) Parliamentarians (Roundheads)  House of Lords  N & W England  Aristocracy  Large landowners  Church officials  More rural oHouse of Commons oS & E England oPuritans oMerchants oTownspeople oMore urban

*Charles was put to trial and sentenced to death *FIRST TIME EVER A KING HAD BEEN PUBLICLY TRIED AND EXECUTED!!!!! *Why is this a big deal? What belief does this express? Deny?

James I Guy Fawkes Charles I Royalists and Roundheads

*Military Dictatorship *Goal to reform society with laws that promoted Puritan morality *Religious toleration for Jews and all Christians but Catholics *Ruled until death in 1658

*End of military dictatorship with death of Oliver Cromwell *Parliament brings back Charles’ son Charles II and restores the monarchy as an institution. –Habeas corpus- cannot just arrest someone –This period is called the Restoration *James II (brother of Charles II) –Catholic and NOT NICE

*Kicked James II (catholic) out and parliament asked his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to take over for the sake of Protestantism. *BLOODLESS! *William and Mary promised “to govern the people of this kingdom of England... According to the statues in Parliament agreed on and the laws and customs of the same.”

*England became a constitutional monarchy (laws limit rulers power). *It settled all of the major issues between the King & Parliament by establishing the cabinet system. *It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. *It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18 th and early 19 th in England.

English Bill of Rights [ 1689 ] * Main provisions: 1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws. 2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. 3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. 4. Freedom of speech in Parliament. 5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. 6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. 7. The monarch must be a Protestant. 8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest. 9. Censorship of the press was dropped. 10. Religious toleration.