Focus: Make a list of the names of explorers you already know and something about them.

Focus: Turn to page 76-77 in Atlas Focus: Turn to page 76-77 in Atlas. Read the introduction, and the history question, “What is Colonization?” Use the information to answer the following questions. European explorers unexpectedly found opportunities in the Americas when they had been searching for what place? What is a colony? What did Europeans hope to gain from its colonies in America?

Exploration and Colonization (1400s – 1700s)

The “Old World” in the Early 1400s Europe Asia Africa And

Trade Trade -Europeans wanted goods such as spices, silk, and tea from “the Indies” (Southeast Asia) The Silk Road -Ran from Europe to the Indies -Was kept safe by strong Chinese rulers

The Silk Road

Changes in Trade Routes New rulers took over Silk Road It became unsafe to travel Increased taxes made trade very expensive Rise of Ottoman Empire Ottoman rulers (Muslim) became “middle-men” in trade between Europeans and Asians Asian goods became too expensive for most Europeans to buy Christians and Muslims were not the best of friends, Why?

Focus: Use Map A in your Atlas. Create and complete the chart below. Explorer Year(s) of Voyage Sponsoring Country Destination Cabot Eastern North America 1501 Portugal 1513 Sountern North America Pizzaro 1531-1533 1535 France Netherlands and England

Europeans Explore The World

Why did Europeans want to explore? To find new trade routes to the Indies Wanted to go around the “middle men” and trade directly with merchants in the Indies to get rich For glory and adventure To spread their culture Christian religion and European values

Europeans also wanted: To take over new lands to expand power To spread their culture Christian religion and European values (Remember, Catholicism had declined due to the Protestant Reformation. As part of the Great Commission, Protestant and Catholic missionaries traveled to the New World. They were like salesmen.)

Obstacles to Exploration Lack of knowledge and technology Ocean currents and wind patterns Sometimes carried ships off course Sailors had to ride with the currents and winds Limited ability to explore far away places

Europeans began exploring in the late 1400s Sharing of ideas Map-makers, shipbuilders, navigators, and inventors shared information that made exploration possible Europeans gained access to maps and sailing information from the Chinese, Greeks, and Arabs Development of new technology By the late 1400s, Europeans had the technology needed to begin exploring faraway places

Exploration Technology Invention Description Compass A device which helped sailors find direction by using a magnetized needle which always pointed north A device which helped sailors use the position of the stars to figure out their location (latitude) Astrolabe Caravel A fast, lightweight ship which used triangular sails and a rudder for easier navigation at sea and in shallow waters A mixture of chemicals that explodes when lit Used in guns and cannons for: -protection from other Europeans -to dominate trade -to fight against natives -to hunt for food Gunpowder

Voyages of Exploration

Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B. What is happening in the Picture? _________________________________ Describe the scene as if you were a Spanish Explorer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Search for New Trade Routes Portugal and Spain were the first European nations to search for new water routes to the Indies Portugal sent explorers East around Africa Spain sent explorers West across the Atlantic England (Great Britain), France, and Netherlands, all began exploring soon afterwards

Two Main Players in Early Exploration Portugal and Spain P O R T U G A L SPAIN

The Portuguese They needed to explore to get money and increase their power. They focused on the science of navigation hoping to be the first ones to find a water route to Asia

Prince Henry Son of Portuguese King Dazzled by dreams of ocean exploration and East Asia Established a navigation school First to use Astrolabe and Caravel 1st to sail into open ocean away from land – so daring! He sailed to Northwestern Africa known as Ivory Coast

Diaz He was the first to make it to the southern tip of Africa Founded the Cape of Good Hope Created many new trading ports

Vasco de Gama 1st to find sea route to Asia First to sail around Africa to India (27,000 mi) 1st to find sea route to Asia Allowed Portugal to dominate Asian trade

The Spanish Spain was jealous of Portugal’s achievements (rivals) because Spain made few accomplishments in exploration until…. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married, uniting two empires They became a powerhouse of exploration and colonization!

Christopher Columbus Plan to sail west to get to the Far East 1st to cross Atlantic Ocean Lands on the Caribbean island of Hispanola in 1492 Discovered “The New World” and made 4 trips Brought “small pox” to the natives killing almost 25 million natives in 50 years.

Hernando Cortez Cortez was a conquistador Landed on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Cortez met the Aztecs, which were an ancient group of warriors and mathematicians Cortez defeated their leader Montazuma and took all their gold for the glory of Spain

Balboa Sailed to Panama and hired natives to cross the isthmus He discovered the “Southern Ocean” which later became known as the Pacific Ocean

Amerigo Vespucci Sailed to Brazil His detailed drawings of the coast resulted in mapmakers naming land after him - Americas

Pizarro Spanish conquistador Sailed to present-day Colombia into Peru Discovered the Incas Used “germ warfare” to defeat the empire Found a large supply of Emeralds

Ferdinand Magellan 1st to “circumnavigate” the Earth. Killed in the Philippines during a local war The next in command, Juan de Elcano, completed the journey for him

Animanicas

Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B. Describe the scene as if you were a Native American. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ How were Native Americans affected by Europeans who came to the Americas?___________________________________________________________

The French They were looking for a way to get to Asia by going through the Arctic Ocean above Canada Not successful, but their exploration allowed them to be very successful in North America Developed positive relationships with Native Americans

Jacques Cartier attempted to find the “Northwest Passage”, but failed instead he found the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes he helped France establish a flourishing fur trade in North America

Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77. Complete the sentences. The __________ claimed lands along the eastern coast of what is now the United states. A major city located in the settlement region was _________ which used to be called New Amsterdam. The main economic activities in the region were _______ and _________.

European Colonialism (1500s-1700s)

colonialism: a system in which powerful nations rule over the land and people of weaker nations -colony: a land and its people that are controlled by a more powerful nation -colonial power: a nation which has taken control of the government and economy of a weaker nation or territory (a.k.a. mother country)

Types of Colonies trading post empire: a collection of colonies used to trade items, typically along an established trade route settler colony: type of colony where people move from their mother countries to create permanent settlements or towns plantation colony: a type of colony in which large areas of land are farmed by enslaved people to grow cash crops

Area of Colonization (by late 1700s) Major Colonies and Colonial Powers Africa Asia The Americas Oceania (Australia and the Pacific) Trading posts along coast – Portugal (other Europeans came later) South Africa – Netherlands (eventually forced out by Great Britain) India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out) Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands The Philippines – Spain British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain Brazil – Portugal Australia, New Zealand – Great Britain

Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77. The ________ claimed lands in central North America where the main economic activity was ___________________. After conquering the Aztec empire, the ___________ dominated southwestern North America, Middle America and Western __________ America. The main economic activities on the lands they claimed were __________ and _________.

Colonization Game

Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77. The eastern coast of South America was settled by the ____________, who founded the cities of _________ and _________. The main economic activities in the Portuguese settlement regions were ____________ and ___________.

Europeans in Asia

Europeans Explore Asia Portugal finds first all water route to Asia in late 1400s Portugal, Spain, France, England, and Netherlands compete for control of trade Trade Routes Europeans set up trading posts India and China Silks, tea, porcelain Southeast Asia Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)

Spread of Religions Hinduism and Buddhism Islam Christianity Spread throughout Asia by 1400s Islam Spread by Muslim merchants and militaries Christianity Spread by European merchants and missionaries throughout Asia Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese rulers who believed it was a threat to their culture Led China and Japan to isolationism, a policy of turning inward and cutting off contact with the outside world

Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption. For each pair write C for Cause and E for Effect. _____ Europeans brought diseases and overworked Native Americas. _____ Millions of Native Americas died.

Europeans in the Americas

European Explorers and Conquerors Christopher Columbus “discovered” the Americas while looking for a western route to the Indies Other explorers from Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands continued to explore the “New World” European nations later began conquering and colonizing the Americas

European Colonies in the Americas

Spanish colonies South American Colonies West Indies Plantation farming Mining West Indies New Spain and Florida Settler and Plantation Colonies

French colonies New France Louisiana Haiti Trading Post Empire Fur Trapping and Fishing Louisiana Trading Post Empire and Plantation colony Haiti Plantation Colony

English colonies 13 Colonies British Canada Southern Colonies Plantation Colonies Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo (and Later, Cotton) Northern Colonies Settler Colonies Fishing and Timber British Canada Trading Post Empire Fur Trapping and Fishing

The French and Indian War England defeated France France gave up territory to England and Spain

Europeans and Native Americans Europeans spread diseases which killed many Native Americans European missionaries came to spread Christianity to natives Treatment of Native Americans Spanish Enslaved natives and forced them to work on plantations and in mines French Lived among natives Learned native languages Hunted, fished, and traded with natives English Lived peacefully alongside natives at first As more English settlers arrived, natives were forced off land Europeans and Native Americans

Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A and read caption. For each pair write C for Cause and E for Effect. _____ Europeans enslaved Africans and brought them to the Americas. _____ Native American population declined.

Europeans in Africa

Exploring Africa’s Coasts Early trade relationships By the 1500s, Europeans had been trading with Africans for gold, salt, and ivory for centuries. Portugal searched for all water route to the Indies Set up first trading post colonies along coasts of Africa Other Europeans came later Were initially uninterested in Africa’s interior

SLAVERY

African Slave Trade Many African kingdoms had participated in the slave trade for hundreds of years Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and prisoners of war as slaves European Interest in Slaves As Native American populations declined, Europeans wanted an inexpensive source of labor for their plantation colonies in the Americas

African Views on Slavery Differed At the same time, new African states arose whose way of life depended on the slave trade. The rulers of these new states waged war against other Africans in order to gain control of the slave trade in their region. Yet, in many African tribes slavery was an acceptable answer to poverty. Slaves were frequently made a part of the family. There was a slave in Africa that served a tribal leader.

Slave Trade Video Available In Class

Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79. How long did the Atlantic slave trade last? Where were the fewest slaves sent? Where were the largest number of slaves sent?

Supply and Demand: demand was high…. Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas. The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.

Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–1870

Original Triangle Trade Route: Slaves, Sugar & Rum

Triangular Trade Grows The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79. How many enslaved Africans died on the way to the Americas? How many slaves were sent to what is today eastern United States? How many slaves were sent to the Caribbean?

History of Slave Trade Video Available In Class

Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage (define). In West Africa, the loss of countless numbers of young women and men resulted in some small states disappearing forever. Slave Collar So a runaway could be heard!

A Different Kind of Slavery…BUT "Anyone can say that slavery has existed forever," says Frans Fontaine, "even the Greeks and Romans had slaves.” But this kind of slavery was different - it was fixed to race. You became a slave because you were black.

A Different Kind of Slavery…BUT But slavery didn't fit in with Christian ideals so there was a very good solution for this problem; black people, Europeans and Americans determined, they were not really humans. And that is the most cruel part of this form of slavery. Blacks were not people, they said,…could therefore be enslaved.

Slave Ship Journal Tasks Assume “slave square position.” The Overseer is watching! Watch a segment from Roots, Vol. 1 -“The Capture…” 20-25 minutes Answer the questions that follow “Interpreting Primary Sources #2” in your journal. Read the biographies of “Olaudah Equiano.”a Write a journal entry as if you are a sailor on a slave ship who would secretly like to interview Equiano. List five questions you would ask him and explain why.

Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79. How many enslaves Africans were forced to work in the Spanish and British Americas? In total how many Africans were taken from their homelands and enslaved? Look at Chart C. Is this number more of less than all of the people living in the ten largest cities in the world in 1500?

Triangular Trade Manufactured goods (tools, guns, rum, and cloth) from Europe to the coast of West Africa Slaves from Africa to the American colonies Raw materials (sugar, molasses, tobacco, and cotton) back to Europe

“The Middle Passage” “The Middle Passage”- the awful trip made by enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas About 16 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s Slave traders crammed as many slaves as possible below deck One in five slaves did not make the journey

Effects on African Societies Many African communities lost their strongest and most capable workers to the slave trade Families were torn apart The introduction of guns to the continent of Africa added to the cycle of violence

Participation in the Slave Trade Many African leaders participated in the slave trade to make money African merchants kidnapped people of interior parts of Africa and sold them to Europeans at trading posts along coast European merchants bought and sold African slaves for large profits

Resistance to the Slave Trade Some African leaders King Alfonso I of the Congo asked the Pope to stop the slave trade Slave Revolts Most slave revolts were put down Successful revolts Slaves won freedom in French colony of Haiti Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors and taking control of their transport ship, the Amistad Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took place in the U.S. during the 1800s

Exploitation Slavery was outlawed in most places by the end of the 1800s Europeans continued colonizing Africa through early 1900s

Focus: Atlas Map B. Page 78. Write AM next to anything that came from Americas. Write EAA next to anything from Europe, Africa or Asia. __Corn __Turkeys __Coffee __Potatoes __Horses __Black Flies __Sunflowers __Rubber __Sugar Cane __Cattle __Tomatoes __Watermelons

Effects of European Colonial Expansion

Effects of Colonialism Political Changes European countries became more powerful Competed with one another for colonies People of Africa, Asia, and the Americas became weaker Social Changes Cultures were changed in Africa, Asia, and the Americas Dominance of European language and customs Christianity spread to colonized lands Natives of colonized lands became lower classes Economic Changes Expanding international trade (Columbian Exchange) Growth of capitalism New trade gave peasants more opportunities Growth of a middle class in Europe Transfer of wealth from colonies to Europe

International Trade

Key Ideas of Mercantilism Mercantilism: an economic theory that states that nations become powerful by building up large supplies of gold and silver Government controls economy Decides what to produce in the colonies Only allows colonies to trade with mother country Nations want favorable balance of trade Export more than you import Importance of colonies Sources of raw materials Ex. cotton, sugar, tobacco Markets for manufactured goods Ex. cloth, guns, tools

Key Ideas of Capitalism Capitalism: an economic system based on private ownership of businesses and property Development of Capitalism Many merchants believed that trade would increase if governments would let the people control the economy Free enterprise Economy is free from government control Property and businesses are privately owned People run businesses to earn profit Market economy Producers and consumers decide what goods and services to produce Prices and wages are negotiated in the marketplace Competition encourages businesses to offer quality goods and services at fair prices