CHAPTER 9 Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century

Growth of Public Schools Parents wanted better education, basic skills not enough Reform schools By 1900, 31 states had laws requiring kids age 8-14 to attend school By 1910, 72% attended school

Immigrants and Education Education was important, why? Literacy skills- ? Adults also attended school Class size Teacher rules: courting, church, ten hours, women teachers, savings, raises

Assimilation- ? Why did immigrants want to assimilate? Why would some not want to assimilate? Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

Higher Education Philanthropists- ? 1 st was New York’s Vassar College 1865 Women and African Americans experienced a real struggle trying to attend college in late 1800’s

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois Booker dedicated his life to educating African Americans Focus less on political equality and focus more on building economic security Could win white acceptance by succeeding economically

Dubois rejected Washington’s message Believed providing leadership in the fight for Civil Rights Seek advanced liberal arts education instead of vocational education Helped found the Niagara Movement- ?

Section 2 Entertainment Most popular sport during the late 1800’s was? Vaudeville, moving pictures, and trolley parks were all popular forms of entertainment during late 1800’s Vaudevilles- (type of inexpensive variety show, song and dance, magic, animals, jugglers) and movies competed against one another

Football, basketball, and bicycling also became big Women participated in sports as well Sports gave women a chance to abandon corsets

What People Were Reading Newspapers- yellow journalism- ? “Named for yellow ink used in popular comic strips Magazines and books Ragtime?

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain An example of local color, what is local color?

Section 3 Poll Taxes- ? Voters had to pass a test to vote Grandfather Clause-? What was the purpose of these rules for voters?

Segregation? African Americans were treated as second-class citizens Jim Crow Laws- came from minstrel show called Jump Jim Crow- white entertainer in blackface performed unflattering caricatures of African American song and dance What did Jim Crow Laws do?

Plessy v. Ferguson Greatest setback to African American equality Case said that segregation was legal Black facilities were hardly ever equal to white facilities Pg.334

Violence Blacks were called boy while they had to call whites sir or mister Had to remove hats or step off the curb to let a white pass by Subjected to violence if they breached this racial etiquette Lynching- ? Pg.334

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Won 1 st major case when Supreme Court declared grandfather clauses unconstitutional in 1915 Pg.335

Overcoming Obstacles Young Men’s and Women’s Christian Association helped develop separate recreational and guidance programs for African Americans National Urban League 1911 improved job opportunities and housing for blacks George Washington Carver-scientific research, Alexander Crummell founded the American Negro Academy Pg.336

Black owned businesses began springing up everywhere 1912 Madam CJ Walker Had a mail order business and had a chain of beauty parlors “I got myself a start by giving myself a start” Pg.336

Section 4 Changing Roles of Women Carpet sweepers and electric vacuum cleaners became popular Not all home cleaning time was reduced due to most homes not having electricity Removing dirt and dust from an 8 room house took 18 hours a week Pg. 338

Producer to Consumer More and more goods became available to purchase; department stores became big Marshall Field (Chicago) and Macy’s (New York) US Post Office began offering rural free delivery in delivering mail to farm families Pgs

This free service gave farm families a chance to access big-city goods Mail Order Catalogs? 2 largest companies were Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck, and Company Pg. 339

Working Outside the Home Around 1890, there were around 85% of single women working outside the home and about 15% married women working outside the home This percentage increased to about 25% by 1910 Many women went into education, healthcare, and social work Did this because they didn’t have to compete with men, they were discouraged to compete with men pg. 340

Women were involved in voluntary work as well Formed hundreds of clubs and associations to facilitate their activities Helped them in speaking, writing, and finance and increased their self-confidence Began to wear shorter hair and wear skirts and blouses Also went on dates without supervision They saw domestic fulfillment as their main goal Pg