IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW

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Presentation transcript:

IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW 4/25/2017 IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW P.K. Krishnakumar, Mohammed Qurban, Khaled A. Abdulkader*, Yusef H. Fadlalla*, Mohammed Ashraf and M. Asif Khan Centre for Environment & Water, Research Institute King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. *Environmental Protection Department, Saudi Aramco,

TOPIC OVERVIEW Introduction Major Impacting Activities Types of Impacts Case Study from Tarut Bay Landfilling Coastal Discharges Management Strategies

INTRODUCTION Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems and important breeding and nursery grounds for fish and invertebrate species. Mangroves along the Gulf coast and Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia facing tremendous pressures due to coastal development activities. Major stressors include landfilling, dredging, coastal development, solid and liquid waste disposal. The extent of mangrove forests along the Saudi Arabian Gulf has decreased considerably. For example, in Tarut Bay alone it showed drastic reduction.

GLOBAL TREND IN LOSS OF MANGROVES AREAS

MAJOR IMPACTING ACTIVITIES Landfilling & dredging Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage Untreated or poorly treated waste discharge Oil and industrial pollution

IMPACTS TO MANGROVES 1 Coastal construction and changes in land use. SI. NO. ACTIVITY IMPACTS REFERENCES 1 Coastal construction and changes in land use. Alteration of hydrological regimes (modifying the tidal flow and seawater supply to the mangroves), interruption of littoral drift, reduced flushing etc. PERSGA, 2004 2 Organic pollution Retarded growth, incidence of dead and aberrant pneumatophores. High organic C lead to reduction of soil redox potential. Mandura, 1997 Saenger et al.1995 Crona et al. 2009 3 Oil and industrial pollution Acute effects (mortality) occur within 6 months to few weeks. Branching of pneumatophores, germination failure, decreased canopy cover, increased rate of mutation etc. Burns et al. 1993 Böer, 1993. 4 Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage. Serious physical impacts, particularly on young seedlings and pneumatophores. Interfere with water circulation by blocking tidal channels.

CASE STUDY FROM TARUT BAY

BIOTOPE MAP & HABITAT TYPE Mangroves Seagrass

LANDFILLED AREAS WITHIN TARUT BAY More than 11 percent of the total area of Tarut Bay (i.e., total 432.79 km2) was filled. Approximately 2 percent (i.e., 10.16 km2) of the bay, outside of the shipping channels and berthing areas, has been dredged. Major landfill areas outlined in yellow

TARUT BAY- CHANGES IN MANGROVE COVERAGE Loss of around 232 hectares (37%)

LAND FILLED AREAS IN TARUT BAY Loss of around 287 hectares from 1973 to 2007 (46%).

TARUT BAY - MARINE OUTFALLS Safwa STP Sanabis STP Awamiya STP & Nasira Agricultural Jaruadiyah STP Majidia Agricultural Discharge Anak North Agricultural Discharge Anak South Agriculture discharge STUDY AREA

TOTAL ESTIMATED DISCHARGES (m3/day)

DISCHARGE PARAMETERS (MEAN FOR 2006-2007) (30 day avg.) Flow Rate (m3/day) Ammonia (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) pH (units) TDS (mg/L) TKN (mg/L) TSS (mg/L) PME Allowable Effluent Level 1.0 25 6-9 5 15 Al Jesh STP 15,161 16.52 61.96 20.19 101.59 Anak-North 42,422 3.61 2,077 Anak-South 31,882 3.65 2,231 Awamiya STP 17,188 17.02 64.17 20.22 97.09 Dammam STP 230,128 13.72 22.58 7.45 3,553 16.51 23.08 Jaruadiyah STP 65,736 13.06 3.23 3,495 12.15 Joyaima GP 6.55 8.03 9.14 8.60 Majidia 8,510 3,047 Nasira Plant 10,238 3.63 2,915 Ras Tanura Refinery 137,908 7.74 Safwa STP 14,265 2.65 4.17 7.08 3,450 6.45 Sanabis STP 23,988 16.54 63.50 21.11 85.00 In excess of PME standards for direct discharge to receiving waters for a 30 day average. With in the PME Limits

TARUT BAY- AVERAGE SURFACE CURRENT VELOCITY

IMAPCT OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE Example from Red Sea The southern corniche area of Jeddah receives through Al-Kumra effluent the equivalent of 300,000 m3 of semi-treated sewage. Basaham et al. 2009

TARUT BAY-CORAL REEF

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR MANGROVE CONSERVATION Provide protection against dredging, filling, and other development; Designate mangroves as protected areas; Protect mangroves from pollution particularly industrial effluent, sewage, and sediment; Ensure that all developments planned for mangroves are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Thank You