1. PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS – SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENT (SWE)

2. INTRODUCTION SWE EXAMPLES OF PROJECT WHICH CREATE IMPACT ON SWE
Industrial plants or power plants withdrawing surface water for use as cooling water
power plants discharging heated wastewater – industries discharging process wastewater
Municipal WWTP
dredging projects
project involving fill or creation of fast lands along rivers, lakes, estuaries and coastal areas
surface mining projects
construction of dams
River channelization projects
deforestation and agricultural development
commercial hazardous
waste disposal sites
tourism projects

3. BASIC INFORMATION ON SW QUANTITY & QUALITY
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOG

4. SW QUALITY PARAMETERS
Surface water comprises - rainfall, runoff, base flow
Each of this input components can affect water quality
Rainfall – acid rain (industrialized area), Runoff – Nutrients and sediments- base flow – elevated levels of hardness
Human activities – increase the pollutant loads to this inputs
Discharge of wastewater – increase organic load in surface water
Construction activities – increased erosion and sediment load
Surface water pollution can be defined as – Excessive conc. Of particular pollutant for sufficient periods of time to cause identifiable effects
Water quality defined as in terms of physical, chemical and biological characterization of water
Physical parameters include : color, odur, temp. solids, turbidity, oil and grease
Each physical parameter can be broken down into sub categories TS SS DS
VSS
FSS
DVSS
DFSS

5. SW QUALITY PARAMETERS
SWPI – associated with construction project – two main sources of water pollutant should be considered
NON POINT: referred as “area” or “diffuse” sources
It reffer to those substances which can be introduced into receiving waters as a result of urban-area, industrial-area or rural runoff
POINT : related to specific discharges from municipalities or industrial complexes
E.g. organics enter in to surface water as a result of discharge from a manufacturing plant

6. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NP
NP – discharges enter surface water in a diffuse manner and at intermittent intervals- related to meteorological events
Pollution arise over extensive area of land and it travels via transit land before enter in SW
It can’t be monitored at the point of origin and exact source is difficult or impossible to trace
Elimination or control of these pollutants must be directed at specific sites
Most effective and economic controls are land management techniques and conservation practices

7. The effect of pollutant
Depends upon conc. and type of pollutant.
Soluble organics (BOD)- decrease DO, biomagnified
SS – water clarity, decrease photosynthesis, settled SS for sludge bed- affect benthic ecosystem
N and P – Eutrophication
Chloride – cause salty taste in water
Acids, alkalis, toxic substances – toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms
Thermal – imbalance and reduction in waste assimilative capacity