Cultural Differences Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity – Femininity Individualism – Collectivism Power Distance Long vs. Short Term Orientation

Windham International Culture Model 3 Cultural Value Clusters reflecting 9 values Time-Relationship Cluster Power Cluster Societal Interdependence Cluster

Time-Relationship Cluster 1. Time (the meaning of time) high time cultures low time cultures monochronic cultures polychronic cultures

Time-Relationship Cluster: continued Relationships Low relationship cultures High relationship cultures Communications language use of nonverbals Low context cultures High context cultures

Power Cluster Hierarchy High hierarchical cultures Low hierarchical cultures Status Attainment High status achievement cultures Low status achievement cultures 6. Space - proxemics

Proxemics Hall’s Interpersonal Distance Zones Public Interaction beyond 12 feet Social Interaction 4 ft – 12 ft Personal Interaction 1.5 ft – 4 ft Intimate 0 – 1.5 ft

Societal Interdependence Cluster Group dependence High group dependence cultures Low group dependence cultures Diversity receptivity Change tolerance Low change tolerance cultures High change tolerance cultures

Types of Diversity Observable Attributes Ethnic background Gender Age 2. Unobservable Attributes Education Functional Background Tenure in Organization Socioeconomic Background Values Personality Characteristics

Patterns of Exchange for Minority Members High Low Contributing Engagement Exclusion Complementing Quality of Instrumental Exchange Low High Quality of Social Exchange

Extent of Diversity in Organizations Monolithic Organizations Plural Organizations Multicultural Organizations