1. Diverse Cultural Patterns

2. Some taxonomies to classify cultures
Geert Hofstede(1980)
Michael Bond (1987)
Kluckhobns and Strodtbeck(1960)
Edward Hall (1976)

3. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
During 1980s, a hundred thousand workers
in multinational organization in 40 countries
Individualism-collectivism
Uncertainty avoidance
Power distance
Masculinity and femininity
The Hofstede Center

4. Hofstede: individualism-collectivism
All people & cultures have both individual and collective dispositions.
 continuum
Individualism
1)individual as the basic unit in a society
2) independence rather than dependence
3) individual achievement
4) competition rather than cooperation
5) personal goals over group goals

5. Hofstede: individualism-collectivism
Collectivism: in-group vs. out-group
1) the in-group looks after its members, who are loyal to it.
2) the group’s view, needs, goals, beliefs before those of individuals
3) cooperation rather than competition
4) interdependent relationships
5) indirect communication

6. Hofstede: individualism-collectivism
一柱難支
(夫仁者) 己欲立而立人, 己欲達而達人 (論語 雍也篇)
Negotiating tables
Health care contexts
About 70% of the population of the world lives in collective cultures(Triandis 1990)
See table 3-1 on p.66.

7. Hofstede: Uncertainty avoidance
The extent to which people within a culture are made nervous by situations un-experienced
High-uncertainty avoidance
Low-uncertainty avoidance
See table 3-2 on p.69.

8. Hofstede: power distance
Large-power distance
socially hierarchical, centralized,
Small-power distance
inequality minimized, the powerful and the powerless live in concert.
In classrooms

9. Hofstede: masculinity-femininity
Masculinity : masculine traits are valued.
Ireland, the Philippines, Greece, Japan,
S. Africa, Italy, Mexico
Femininity: caring, nurturing,
interdependent behaviors

10. Hofstede

11. Michael Bond: Confucian Dynamism
The cultures of Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Singapore
6 key values: long-term orientation, perseverance, ordering relationships by status, thrift-centered, having a sense of shame, collective face-saving

12. Kluckhohns & Strondtheck’s Value Orientations
what is important to the members of a culture, and guidance for living their life
Human nature orientation
Person-nature orientation
Time orientation
Activity orientation
Relational (social) orientation

13. K & S: Human nature orientation
Different conceptions of human nature lead to different views about what we oufht to do and how we can do it.(Stevenson & Haberman 1998)
1) Evil: Islam, Christianity, to become good with hard work, control, self discipline,
2) Good and evil: most of Europe. Learning/education
3) Good : Confucianism, Buddhism. Culture makes us evil.

14. K & S: Person-Nature Orientation
Human beings subject to nature: India, parts of South America
Cooperation with nature: East Asians, American Indians (Chief Seattle)
Controlling Nature: the Western approach

15. K & S: time orientation
1) Past orientation: China, Korea, Japan, Great Britain, France, Native Americans 2) Present orientation: the Philippines, Mexico, Latin America; enjoy the present. 3) Future orientation: the USA

16. K & S: Activity Orientation
Being orientation: spontaneous activity (of being in the present): Mexico
Being-in-doing orientation: correlates with cultures that value a spiritual life more than a material one. Hinduism, Buddhism
Doing orientation: American culture

17. K & S: relational (social) orientation
Authoritarian orientation:
Collective orientation
Individualism orientation

18. Edward Hall: High-/Low-context orientation
High or low context cultures depending on the degree to which meaning comes from the settings or from the words being exchanged.
High context communication
Low context communication
See table 3-6 on p.80