ChemistryCH2OH2O Macromolecules Enzymes

Question Atoms are made of 3 subatomic particles, which particle determines the element?

Answer 1 – 10 Protons! Even in the various isotopes (elements with different numbers of neutrons), any atoms with the same number of protons will be the same periodic element. Ex. Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14 The 12, 13, and 14 indicate the atomic mass, which changes, but they have the same atomic number, 6, which represents carbon’s number of protons.

Question What type of bond shares electrons to create a very strong bond (they typically keep organic molecules together)?

Answer 1 – 20 Covalent Bonds

Question These bonds are formed when electrons are donated to another atom, causing a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom.

Answer 1 – 30 Ionic Bonds This donation of electrons is what causes very reactive elements such as chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) to stabilize and become inert substances (table salt!).

Question Which side of this equation represents the reactants?

Answer 1 – 40 The left side of this equation represents the reactants. The right side is the product-what you made (which is why we call it a product, you produced it, right?).

Question How many of each subatomic particle is present in this element?

Answer 1 – 50 Protons- 13, same as atomic number Neutrons- 14, Atomic mass (round to nearest whole number) minus atomic number. Electrons- 13, since there is no charge on the element… but what if it was Al 2+ ?

Question What type of chemistry includes most molecules that have carbon atoms?

Answer 2 – 10 Organic Chemistry There are a few exceptions… CO 2, CO, CN - are largely considered inorganic. Not all molecules with carbon are organic, but all organic molecules have carbon. Think of it another way…not all rectangles are squares are they? But all squares are rectangles!

Question How many unpaired electrons does carbon have on its outer (valance) shell?

Answer 2 – 20 Four! This allows a single carbon to bind to many different atoms. It acts as an intersection; capable of giving structure to our bodies and holding energy (in bonds). Carbon also has the ability to form single, double, or triple covalent bonds!

Question Identify the functional group!

Answer 2 – 30 Hydroxyl These functional groups typically create an alcohol. Below, you see isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol).

Question Identify these two functional groups that are in every protein monomer!

Answer 2 – 40 The left side, NH2, is an amine group. The right side, COOH, is a carboxyl group (which makes a carboxylic acid). Together they make an amino acid, the monomer of a protein!

Question There are two types of carbonyl functional groups. Name each of these!

Answer 2 – 50 The left is a Ketone. (remember, the letter ‘k’ is in the middle of the alphabet, as the carbonyl group is in this carbon chain) The right is an Aldehyde. (remember, the letter ‘a’ is at one end of the alphabet, as the carbonyl group is at one end of this carbon chain)

Question Water is attracted to other water molecules due to its polarity. What is this property called?

Answer 3 – 10 Cohesion

Question Water is also attracted to other polar molecules. This property is called what?

Answer 3 – 20 Adhesion

Question Adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, the ability to absorb a large amount of energy, ice floating…all of these fantastic properties of water are due to what?

Answer 3 – 30 Hydrogen bonding

Question ) A substance with a pOH of 6 is a what? 2.) A subatance with a pH of 14 is a what?

Answer 3 – 40 Both are bases! pH: 0-7 acid, 7-14 base, true 7 being neutral pOH: 0-7 base, 7-14 acid, true 7 being neutral

Question What is polarity, and what causes it in water molecules?

Answer 3 – 50 Polarity is having two ends with different charges. This is caused by the covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in water. Oxygen has many more protons (8 + ) than hydrogen (1 + ). This causes the electrons (-) to be pulled away from hydrogen (opposites attract), creating a positive side where the hydrogen atoms are. The other side is more negative, having more electrons.

Question Proteins (a.k.a. polypeptides) are a polymer made of what monomer?

Answer 4 – 10 Amino acids. There are four of them connected together on the example below!

Question When macromolecules monomers are put together they give off H 2 O and make a bigger molecule… what process is this known as? Double the points if you as can name the phase of metabolism that occured!

Answer 4 – 20 Dehydration Synthesis…. Process: anabolism. Water (OH and H) was taken from the two original molecules, which is where the dehydration part comes from. The two pieces joined to make one, which is known as synthesis (putting stuff together).

Question ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a major energy carrier of our body. In order to release the energy, water is added to break off the third phosphate. What reaction is this known as?

Answer 4 – 30 Hydrolysis… Hydro refers to the presence of water. Lysis refers to the breakdown something. Water is added to break the one molecule down into two molecules!

Question What macromolecule is seen below and how do you know?

Answer 4 – 40 These are carbohydrates, specifically, monosaccharides. You should be able to tell because they have equal amounts of carbon and oxygen, with twice as many hydrogens (or maybe you just noticed they ended in –ose)

Question Name the four macromolecules and one function of each.

Answer 4 – 50 Proteins- Bodily functions; these are the work structures in the body Carbohydrates- immediate source of energy, cell communication Lipids- stored energy source, cell membrane, insulation Nucleic Acid- storage of genetic information, genetic information transfer, energy transfer (ATP)

Question Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions within our bodies, among other things, if conditions are optimal. What happens to the structure of the protein if it is denatured?

Answer 5 – 10 It would unfold in non-optimal (optimal meaning best) environments because the hydrogen bonds would be broken. Remember… Structure = function in chemistry. To denature something means to take it away from what it would do naturally. Proteins naturally fold. Denaturing a protein would cause it to unfold and be unable to do its job! This can be caused by non-optimal pH, heat, and other conditions!

Question Different enzymes affect different molecules…the thing being affected by entering the active site is called what? ????

Answer 5 – 20 The substrate.

Question Which phase of metabolism is responsible for breaking molecules down in order to release energy?

Answer 5 – 30 Catabolism

Question Enzyme names typically end in what suffix?

Answer 5 – 40 -ase Can you think of what these common biological enzymes might do? Protease Helicase Transcriptase Ligase Polymerase

Question What are the two types of enzyme inhibition, and how do they work?

Answer 5 – 50 Competitive inhibition- causes the enzyme to be ineffective by blocking the active site. Noncompetitive inhibition- Causes the enzyme to be ineffective by changing the shape of the active site.

Final Jeopardy Make your wager!