Mapping Earth Chapter 1 Earth Science

Ch1 L.1 Maps How can a map help determine location? Why are there different map projections for representing Earth’s surface?

Ch1 L.1 Bellwork Map view: drawn as if you were looking down on an area from above Earth’s surface Profile view: a drawing that shows an object as though you were looking at it from the side Map legend: a key that lists all the symbols used on the map Map scale: the relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground Longitude: distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian Latitude: distance in degrees north or south of the equator Time zone: the area of Earth’s surface between two meridians where people use the same time International Date Line: line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian

Understanding maps A map is a model of Earth globe= best representation map= flattened version Why are maps useful? Which is easier for you: written directions or drawn directions?

Map views Map view: drawn as if you were looking down on an area from above Earth’s surface Profile view: drawn as if you were looking at an object from the side Great for studying cross- sections of Earth

Map legends and scale Map legends A key that lists all symbols used on the map Gives definitions of symbols Allow details to be placed on the map without cluttering it

Map legends and scale Map scale relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground written different ways verbally written ratio= 1:100 means one unit on the map is 100 in real life graphic= scale bar

Reading maps Longitude: distance in degrees East or West of the prime meridian Passes through the North Pole and South Pole Prime meridian= longitude that passes through Greenwich, England. 180 meridian= combines with prime meridian to divide the earth into East and West hemispheres

Reading maps Latitude: the distance in degrees north or south of the equator Equator divides Earth into North and South Lines are PARALLEL to each other Equator is at 0° North pole is at 90°N South pole is at 90°S

Plotting locations Minutes and seconds Each degree is divided into 60 minutes (‘) Each minute is divided into 60 seconds (‘’)

Plotting locations Time zones: area on Earth’s surface between two meridians where people use the same time Reference (start point) is the prime meridian Earth is divided into 24 time zones Each time zone has a width of 15° longitude Each time zone changes by an hour

Plotting locations International Date Line: line of longitude 180° east or west of the prime meridian Does not follow the prime meridian exactly

Map Projections Globe= no distortions of Earth’s features since it has the same shape Cylindrical projections Shapes near equator represented well Shapes near poles appear much larger than real life Conical projections Little distortion near line of latitude where the cone touches the globe Distortions everywhere else ALL projections distort the shapes of Earth because they are flat and Earth is a sphere

Ch1 L.1 Homework P Study for quiz CH1 L.1

Ch1 L.2 Technology and map making What can a topographic map tell you about the shape of Earth’s surface? What can you learn from geologic maps about the rocks near Earth’s surface? How can modern technology be used in mapmaking?

Ch1 L.2 Bellwork Topographic map: shows detailed shapes of Earth’s surface, along with its natural and human-made features Elevation: the height above sea level of any point on Earth’s surface Relief: the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest point in an area Contour line: lines on a topographic map that connect points of equal elevation Contour interval: elevation difference between contours that are next to each other Slope: a measure of the steepness of the land Geologic map: shows the surface geology of the map Cross section: shows a vertical slice through rocks below Earth’s surface Remote sensing: process of collecting information about an area without coming into physical contact with it

Types of general use- maps Physical maps use lines/shading/color to show features like lakes or mountains Relief maps use shading and shadows to identify mountains and flat areas

Types of general- use maps Political maps shows boundaries between countries/states/counties Road maps show interstates or roads to help you find your way

Topographic maps Topography= shape of land surface Topographic map= shows shapes of Earth’s surface along with human and man-made features Contour lines= on topographic map show points of equal elevation Can measure both elevation and relief Elevation= height above sea level Relief= difference in elevation between highest and lowest point

Topographic maps continued Interpreting contours not every line is labeled Contour interval= elevation difference between contour lines Slope= steepness of the land Contours far apart= flat Contours close together= steep

Topographic maps continued Topographic profiles Information from contour map can be used to draw a profile of the Earth’s surface Can help you determine easiest way to travel

Topographic maps continued Symbols on topographic maps Contour lines Brown on land Blue under water Colors Green= vegetation Water= blue Black shapes= buildings Pink shading= dense housing in cities Purple= new information added after map was made

Geologic maps Show the surface geology of the mapped area rock types/ages, locations of faults Geologic formations rock unit with similar origins, rock type and age legends list symbols and age Color in map= not necessarily color of rock

Geologic maps continued Geologic cross sections How can we see what’s underground? Drill for a sample Look at a cliff cliff face is like profile view of the ground Profile view of rocks below the ground is a cross-section

Making maps today Global Positioning System (GPS): Group of satellites used for navigation a GPS receives signal from 3-4 satellites and calculates latitude and longitude to get location

Making maps today continued Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Computerized information systems used to store and analyze map data combines data from: satellites, scanners, aerial photographs Can create different map layers of the same location

Making maps today continued Remote sensing Collecting information from an area without coming into physical contact with it Monitoring change: satellites take pictures constantly and at different times of the day Can use to look for differences Landsat: series of satellites. Completes scan of Earth every 16 days Launched in Can see changes in wetlands and coral reefs TOPEX/Jason-1: pair of satellites used for ocean topography, circulation, sea tides and climate change Sea Beam: Uses sonar to map the bottom of the ocean. ON a ship.

Ch1 L.2 Homework p Study for quiz CH1 L.2 Outline Ch1 L.2 Study for Ch1 Test!