1. Chapter 2
Mapping our World

2. Latitude and Longitude
Section 2.1
Latitude and Longitude
Latitude
Longitude
You will be able to . . .
Compare and Contrast latitude and longitude.
Describe how time zones vary.

3. The science of mapmaking is called cartography.
Lines of latitude are parallel.
The latitude of the north pole is
90° north.

4. Longitude Longitude – Lines of longitude converge at the poles.
The prime meridian represents
0° longitude.

5. Minutes
Each degree of latitude or longitude is divided into 60 smaller units called minutes.

6. Seconds
Each minute of latitude or longitude is divided into 60 smaller units called seconds. 6

7. Scale Each degree(°) = 111 km Each Minute(‘) = 1.85 km And
Each Second(“) = m
Note: works for latitude only 7

8. Time Zones
Earth is divided into 24 time zones.

9. International Date Line
The International Date Line is another name for the
180° meridian.

10. International Date Line
West
Traveling West () across the International Date Line, you would advance your calendar one day.
Sept. 1
Sept. 2

11. International Date Line
East
Traveling East () across the International Date Line, you would move your calendar back one day.
Sept. 1
Aug. 31

12. Section 2.2 Types of Maps You will be able to . . .
Compare and Contrast different map projections.
Analyze topographic maps.
Describe map characteristics such as map scales and map legends.

13. Distortion
All flat maps distort either the shapes or the areas of landmasses because Earth is a curved, three-dimensional object.

14. Mercator A Mercator projection distorts areas near the poles.
(the areas of landmasses near the poles are exaggerated)

15. Conic
In a conic projection, there is very little distortion along one line of latitude, but the areas and shapes of landmasses near the top and bottom of the projection are distorted.

16. Gnomonic
In a gnomonic projection, the direction and distance between landmasses are distorted.
Polar Gnomonic
Equatorial Gnomonic
Oblique Gnomonic
                                                                                                    
Gnomonic projection are used by navigators to plot great-circle routes.

17. Topographic
Topographic map a type of map that shows changes in elevation of Earth's surface

18. Contour Interval
Each contour line should represent one elevation. If two lines cross, it means that the point where they cross has two elevations, which is impossible.
The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval.

19. Legend & Scale
A map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent.
A graphic scale is a line broken into sections that represent units with each section representing a distance on Earth’s surface.

20. Section 2.3 Remote Sensing You will be able to . . .
Compare and Contrast different the different forms of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Discuss how satellites and sonar are used to map Earth’s surface and its oceans.
Describe the Global Positioning System

21. Light/Electromagnetic Spectrum
The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is the number of waves that pass a particular point each second.

22. Speed of Light
The speed of light in a vacuum is 300,000 km/s.

23. Remote Sensing
The process of collecting data about the Earth from above the surface.
(Generally using the electromagnetic spectrum.)

24. GPS
GPS - Global Positioning System allows its users to determine their exact position on Earth.

25. GPS Direction Elevation Position
GPS satellites can relay information about all of the following:
Direction
Elevation
Position

26. Landsat and Topex/Poseidon
Both Landsat satellite and Topex/Poseidon satellite collect data about Earth by remote sensing.
Topex/Poseidon Satellite
Landsat Satellite
Uses radar to map features on the ocean floor.
Detects energy related to the warmth of surface features.

27. NOVA Science Now (time-out)
Hyperlink on picture 

28. Mapping Exercise Each degree(°) = 111 km Each Minute(‘) = 1.85 km And
Earth is a circle which has 360 degrees (◦)
Each degree (◦) is divided into 60 minutes.
Each minute is divided into 60 seconds
Each degree(°) = 111 km
Each Minute(‘) = 1.85 km
And
Each Second(“) = m

29. Traveling
When You Know your starting coordinates and the distance you travel (+) add
40° 45’ 16” , I travel
40° 55’ 16” , I travel
10’ 10”
10’ 10” 29

30. Distance between
When You Know your starting coordinates and ending coordinates (-) subtract
40° 45’ 16” , Start
40° 55’ 16” , start
40° 20’ 15” Stop
39° 10’ 40” stop 30

31. Conversion
When You need to convert degrees,minutes,seconds to a decimal
Generally make it a fraction over 60 and add to the number to the left.
120° 40’ 25” = 31

32. Map Exercises