1. CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Views of Earth Today
the BIG idea
Modern technology has changed the way we view and map Earth.
1.1
Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
1.2
Maps and globes are models of Earth.
1.3
Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
1.4
Technology is used to map Earth.
CHAPTER OUTLINE

2. Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
1.1
Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere work together to form one large system called Earth.
system
atmosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere
geosphere
biosphere
geosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere
SECTION
OUTLINE

3. 1.1 system Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
atmosphere
hydrosphere
A group of objects or phenomena that interact. A system can be as simple as a rope, a pulley, and a mass. It also can be as complex as the interaction of energy and matter in the four parts of the Earth system.
biosphere
geosphere
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

4. 1.1 atmosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
hydrosphere
The outer layer of gases of a large body in space, such as a planet or star; the mixture of gases that surrounds the solid Earth; one of the four parts of the Earth system.
biosphere
geosphere
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

5. 1.1 hydrosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
atmosphere
hydrosphere
All water on Earth, in the atmosphere and in the oceans, lakes, glaciers, rivers, streams, and underground reservoirs; one of the four parts of the Earth system.
biosphere
geosphere
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

6. 1.1 biosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
atmosphere
hydrosphere
All living organisms on Earth in the air, on the land, and in the waters; one of the four parts of the Earth system.
biosphere
geosphere
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

7. 1.1 geosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
atmosphere
hydrosphere
All the features on Earth’s surface (continents, islands, and seafloor) and everything below the surface (the inner and outer core and the mantle); one of the four parts of the Earth system.
biosphere
geosphere
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

8. Maps and globes are models of Earth.
1.2
Maps and globes are models of Earth.
Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth.
relief map
map scale
All map projections distort Earth's surface.
map legend
equator
equator
prime
meridian
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
SECTION
OUTLINE
Mercator

9. Maps and globes are models of Earth.
1.2
Maps and globes are models of Earth.
Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth.
relief map
map scale
All map projections distort Earth's surface.
map legend
equator
equator
prime
meridian
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
SECTION
OUTLINE
Conic

10. Maps and globes are models of Earth.
1.2
Maps and globes are models of Earth.
Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth.
relief map
map scale
All map projections distort Earth's surface.
map legend
equator
equator
prime
meridian
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
SECTION
OUTLINE
Planar

11. 1.2 relief map Maps and globes are models of Earth.
map scale
A map that shows the differences in elevation in an area. Relief maps can show elevations through the use of contour lines, shading, colors, and, in some cases, three-dimensional materials.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

12. 1.2 map scale Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
map scale
map scale
The comparison of distance on a map with actual distance on what the map represents, such as Earth’s surface. Map scale may be expressed as a ratio, a bar scale, or equivalent units.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

13. 1.2 map legend Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
map legend
map scale
A chart that explains the meaning of each symbol used on a map; also called a key.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

14. 1.2 equator Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
equator
map scale
An imaginary east-west line around the center of Earth that divides the planet into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere; a line set at 0° latitude.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

15. 1.2 latitude Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
latitude
map scale
The distance in degrees north or south from the equator.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

16. 1.2 prime meridian Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
prime meridian
map scale
An imaginary north-south line that divides the planet into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. The prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

17. 1.2 longitude Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
longitude
map scale
The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude lines are numbered from 0° to 180°.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

18. 1.2 projection Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
projection
map scale
A representation of Earth’s curved surface on a flat map.
map legend
equator
latitude
prime meridian
longitude
projection
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

19. Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
1.3
Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
Contour lines show elevation, slope, and relief.
topography
contour line
Closed circles represent hilltops.
elevation
slope
relief
Contour lines show steepness of slope.
contour interval
Index contour lines show elevation.
Contour lines never cross.
SECTION
OUTLINE

20. 1.3 topography Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
contour line
All natural and human-made surface features of a particular area.
elevation
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

21. 1.3 contour line Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
topography
contour line
contour line
A line on a topographic map that joins points of equal elevation.
elevation
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

22. 1.3 elevation Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
topography
elevation
contour line
A measure of how high something is above a reference point, such as sea level.
elevation
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

23. 1.3 slope Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
topography
slope
contour line
A measure of how steep a landform is. Slope is calculated as the change in elevation divided by the distance covered.
elevation
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

24. 1.3 relief Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
topography
relief
contour line
In geology, the difference in elevation between an area’s high and low points.
elevation
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

25. 1.3 contour interval Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
topography
contour interval
contour line
On a topographic map, the difference in elevation from one contour line to the next.
elevation
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

26. Technology is used to map Earth.
1.4
Technology is used to map Earth.
remote sensing
sensor
false-color image
Remote-sensing technology gathers accurate data about Earth.
geographic information systems
SECTION
OUTLINE

27. Technology is used to map Earth.
1.4
Technology is used to map Earth.
remote sensing
sensor
Geographic information systems are computer programs used to merge layers of information.
false-color image
geographic information systems
SECTION
OUTLINE

28. 1.4 remote sensing Technology is used to map Earth.
sensor
A method of using scientific equipment to gather information about something from a distance. Most remote-sensing methods make use of different types of electromagnetic radiation.
false-color image
geographic information systems
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

29. 1.4 sensor Technology is used to map Earth.
remote sensing
sensor
sensor
A mechanical or electronic device that receives and responds to a signal, such as light.
false-color image
geographic information systems
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

30. 1.4 false-color image Technology is used to map Earth.
remote sensing
false-color image
sensor
A computer image in which the colors are not what the human eye would see. A false-color image can assign different colors to different types of radiation coming from an object to highlight its features.
false-color image
geographic information systems
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

31. geographic information systems
1.4
Technology is used to map Earth.
remote sensing
geographic information systems
sensor
Computer systems that can store, arrange, and display geographic data in different types of maps.
false-color image
geographic information systems
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

32. 1.1 Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
I. Technology is used to explore the Earth system.
system
A. The Earth system has four major parts.
atmosphere
1. Atmosphere
hydrosphere
2. Hydrosphere
biosphere
3. Biosphere
geosphere
4. Geosphere
B. All four parts of the Earth system shape the planet’s surface.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

33. Maps and globes are models of Earth.
1.2
Maps and globes are models of Earth.
II. Maps and globes are models of Earth.
relief map
A. Maps show natural and human-made features.
map scale
1. Land Features on Maps
map legend
2. Scale and Symbols on Maps
B. Latitude and longitude show locations on Earth.
equator
1. Latitude
latitude
2. Longitude
prime meridian
3. Global Positioning System
longitude
C. Map projections distort the view of Earth’s surface.
projection
1. Cylindrical Projection
2. Conic Projections
3. Planar Projections
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

34. Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
1.3
Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
III. Topographic maps show the shape of the land.
topography
A. Topographic maps use contour lines to show features.
contour line
elevation
B. Contour lines follow certain rules.
slope
relief
contour interval
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

35. Technology is used to map Earth.
1.4
Technology is used to map Earth.
IV. Technology is used to map Earth.
remote sensing
A. Remote sensing provides detailed images of Earth.
sensor
false-color image
B. Geographic information systems display data in layers.
geographic information systems
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY