1. Chapter 2-Mapping our World
Integrated Science

2. Cartography Cartography is the science of mapmaking
Mapmakers are also called cartographers
Cartographers use an imaginary grid of parallel lines and vertical lines to locate points on Earth exactly!

3. The Equator circles the Earth halfway between the north and south poles and divides the Earth into 2 equal sections called the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.
The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich, England and extends through the north and south poles. It divides the Earth into 2 equal sections called the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere.

4. Latitude Latitude is the distance in degrees north or
south of the equator
The equator is labeled as 0 latitude
The north and south poles are labeled as 90 latitude
Above the equator is labeled north
Below the equator is labeled south

5. Latitude

7. Longitude Longitude is the distance in degrees east or
west of the prime meridian
The prime meridian is labeled as 0 longitude
Lines of longitude converge at the poles
The line at the opposite side of the prime meridian is the 180 line
To the right of the prime meridian is labeled East
To the left of the prime meridian is labeled West

8. Longitude

9. Latitude comes first when writing coordinates!

10. Time Zones Earth is divided into 24 time zones
Earth takes about 24 hours to rotate once on its axis
The 24 time zones each represent 1 hour
Each time zone is 15 wide (basically corresponding to a line of longitude)
Some time zone boundaries have been moved to avoid confusion

11. Time Zones

12. The U.S. has 7 time zones

13. International Date Line
The International Date Line, or 180 meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days
If you travel west across the line, you would go up one calendar day
If you travel east across the line, you would go down one calendar day

14. International Date Line

15. Projections Cartographers use projections to make maps
Made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper
Conic projection Mercator Projection
Gnomonic Projection Interrupted Projection

16. Detailed maps showing the hills and valleys of an area
Shows:
Changes in Elevation
Mountains
Rivers
Bridges
Major Landmarks
Uses lines, symbols and colors to represent changes in elevation & features on Earth’s surface
Topographic Maps

17. Contour Lines Represent elevation on a topographic map
Connect points of equal elevation
Elevation: Distance of a location above or below sea level
Never cross (1 spot cannot have more than 1 elevation)

18. Contour Intervals
The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines
Dependent on the terrain
Contour lines close together indicate a steep slope
Contour lines far apart indicate a gradual slope

19. Depression Contour Lines
Used to represent elevations that are lower than the surrounding landscape.
Depression contour lines have hachures
Hachures: Short lines at right angle to the contour line

21. MAP LEGENDS
A map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent

22. MAP SCALE
The ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth

23. Fractional Scale: Expresses distance as a ratio
Verbal Scale: Expresses distance as a statement
Graphic Scale: A line that represents a certain distance

24. Process of collecting data about Earth from far above the Earth’s surface
Satellites detect different wavelengths of energy reflected or emitted from Earth’s surface
Energy has both magnetic and electric properties
REMOTE SENSING

25. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The range of electromagnetic radiation waves

26. Plants reflections IR range

27. Types of Remote Sensing
Landsat: Receives reflected wavelengths of energy emitted by Earth’s surface
Used to identify features on Earth’s surface and to study the movements of Earth’s plates, rivers, earthquakes and pollution

28. Types of Remote Sensing
Topex/Poseidon Satellite: Use radar to map features on the ocean floor

29. Types of Remote Sensing
GPS (Global Positioning System): Radio-navigation system of at least 24 satellites that allow users to determine their exact position on Earth.
Calculates your latitude/longitude/speed/etc.

30. Types of Remote Sensing
Sea Beam: Used to map the ocean floor
Located on an ocean ship
Uses sonar (sound waves)