2. Topographic & Geologic Maps Plus: Latitude and Longitude!

3. Objectives Distinguish between latitude and longitude and Explain how each may be used to locate places on Earth’s surface. Explain how a magnetic compass can be used to find directions on Earth’s surface. Describe the characteristics and uses of three types of map projections. Summarize how to use keys, legends, and scales to read maps.

4. Maps - Introduction Maps show us different things. Shaded Relief Map Shows us the shape of the land – mountains, valleys, rivers and lakes. Topographic Map Uses contour lines to show elevation. Road Map – Shows us how to get from one place to another.

5. Topographic Maps - Introduction Topography: shape of the land and surface features. Topography: shape of the land and surface features. Elevation: height of an object above sea level Elevation: height of an object above sea level Topographic Map: Shows the shape of the land with contour lines: lines which connect points of equal elevation Topographic Map: Shows the shape of the land with contour lines: lines which connect points of equal elevation

6. Topographic Maps - Contour Contour interval: difference in elevation between one contour line and the next Contour interval: difference in elevation between one contour line and the next Index Contours: The heavier, wider contour line Index Contours: The heavier, wider contour line (usually every 5 th line) used to make the contour map easier to read

7. Map Reading Activity: Topography Q: What is the contour interval for the map? Q: What is the distance between each index contour? 40 feet 200 feet

8. Topographic Map – Contour Properties Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes Closely spaced contour lines represent steep slopes Widely spaced contour lines represent gentle slopes Widely spaced contour lines represent gentle slopes

9. Topographic Map – Contour Properties Q: Approximately how tall is Able Hill? Q: Approximately how tall is Baker Hill? Q: Which hill is taller and by how much? Q: How many meters of elevation are there between contour lines? Q: Are the contour lines closer together at Able Hill or Baker Hill? Q: Which mountain has steeper slopes? About 42m About 50m Baker Hill, 8m 10m Baker Hill

10. Topographic Map – Contour Properties A contour line which bends to form a V shape indicates a valley. The bend points toward the higher end of the valley A contour line which bends to form a V shape indicates a valley. The bend points toward the higher end of the valley This V also points upstream, or in the direction from which the water flows, if there is a stream. This V also points upstream, or in the direction from which the water flows, if there is a stream. Contour lines which form closed loops indicate a hilltop or a depression Contour lines which form closed loops indicate a hilltop or a depression Closed loops with short straight lines perpendicular to the inside of the loop indicate a depression or basin

11. Topographic Map - scale 1:250,000 Covers more area but in less detail. Note The town of Apollo (center) and the Kiskiminetas River. 1:100,000 Medium scaled map. Note the town of Apollo. You can see the streets and the Kiskiminetas in more detail. 1:24,000 The small scale shows the most detail. It covers less area but with much more detail. Note Apollo. You can see houses and buildings. Map scales: express the relationship between the distance shown on a map and the actual distanceMap scales: express the relationship between the distance shown on a map and the actual distance Usually represented as a ratio (1:24,000) or a fraction (1/24,000) 1:24,000 means 1 unit on the map represents 24,000 of the same units of the earth

12. Topographic Map – Symbols & Colors Symbols: used to show features on topographic maps Symbols: used to show features on topographic maps Legend: list of map symbols and their meanings Legend: list of map symbols and their meanings Blue – water features Blue – water features Green – woodlands Green – woodlands Brown – contour lines Brown – contour lines Red – roads, urban areas Red – roads, urban areas Black – Man-made feature Black – Man-made feature

13. Direction Typical maps show north at the top, east at the right, west at the left, and south at the bottom. Many maps also include a compass rose, which indicates the directions, or an arrow which points north. Some maps use latitude and longitude to indicate direction and location.

14. Latitude The equator divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres The equator divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres Latitude: a geographic coordinate (measured in degrees), which specifies the east-west position of a point on Earth's surface Latitude: a geographic coordinate (measured in degrees), which specifies the east-west position of a point on Earth's surface The equator is located at 0° latitude. The North Pole and South Pole are located at 90°N and 90°S The equator is located at 0° latitude. The North Pole and South Pole are located at 90°N and 90°S 1° = 111 km = about 69 miles 1° = 111 km = about 69 miles

16. 10 20 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 18030 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H

17. Longitude Longitude: a geographic coordinate which specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface Longitude: a geographic coordinate which specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface the prime meridian is the line of longitude at 0° which separates East and West Hemispheres Another name for a line of longitude is a meridian, and the prime meridian is the line of longitude at 0° which separates East and West Hemispheres

19. 10 20 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 18030 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H

20. Latitude and Longitude Lines We put latitude and longitude together to find locations Example: Milwaukee, Wisconsin  Use latitude to find how far north or south.  Use longitude to find how far west or east. Latitude is always first 44°N, 90°W

21. 10 20 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 18030 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H On the coordinate system, plot the coordinates given in your notes:

22. 10 20 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 18030 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 E F G H State the coordinates for each of the letters in the figure above:

24. Geologic Maps Geologic maps show geologic features, such as types of rocks in a given area, and locations of faults, folds, and other features Geologic maps show geologic features, such as types of rocks in a given area, and locations of faults, folds, and other features Geologic features are separated by color Geologic features are separated by color contact lines: indicates places at which two geologic features meet Other markings on geologic maps are contact lines: indicates places at which two geologic features meet The main types of contacts are faults The main types of contacts are faults