Africa & Asia in the Era of Independence Mr. T

Decolonization of India & Africa Anti-colonial nationalism surged after WWII The process of decolonization followed 2 broad patterns: – Negotiated independence – Incomplete decolonization Often violent (Algeria & Kenya) –Guerilla warfare (Mau Mau in Kenya)

Decolonization in the 20 th Century

De-Colonization Leadership Western-educated middle class Charismatic Support violence and non-violence

Nationalism Egypt –Existed before British occupation –Waf’d Party India –Indian National Congress (INC) –Hindered by religious diversity Africa –Pan-Africanism –Hindered by ethnic diversity Zionism –Balfour Declaration –Opposed by Pan-Arabism

Problems After Independence Colonial legacy The Population “Bomb” Parasitic Cities & Endangered Ecosystems Women’s Subordination Neo-colonialism Cold War Influences Political Instability

Challenges facing African states –Arbitrary borders caused ethnic divisions that made national unity difficult –Poverty of African people increased tensions –Nations could not acquire capital needed to build sound infrastructure Organization of African Unity (1963) –Created to recognize & prevent conflicts that might lead to Western intervention More states end up one-party dictatorships Africa After Independence

Military Governments

Population Growth

Urban Growth in the 20 th Century Each white dot indicates an urban area with a population of over a million. Each red square indicates an urban population of over five million.

Democratic Governments:

One Party States

Ghana: Charismatic Populism Kwame Nkrumah Reforms hindered – lack of education, industrialization, cocoa prices fall Authoritarian dictator –Crush pol. Opposition; staged “events”; manipulated history Socialist-leaning – won Soviet support; alienated the West Non-aligned

Egypt: Military Dictatorship Gamal Abdel Nasser Coup d’etat by army (1952) –Khedive removed Seized Suez Canal (1956) State-led reforms promised –Aswan Dam –Most reforms foiled Pan-Arabism –Pledge to command Arab world –Seek vengeance on Israel  Egypt fails

South Africa: Fighting Apartheid Afrikaner Party institutes Apartheid (1948) –legalized racial segregation –severe police state ANC (African National Congress) formed (1912) –Supported nonviolent protests 1 st ; turns violent (1960) –Nelson Mandela = ANC president arrested –ANC banned International sanctions on S.Africa Protests grew 1980s F.W. DeKlerk frees Mandela (1990) Apartheid repealed ( )

South Africa: Fighting Apartheid 1 st free election occurred (1994) –Mandela & the ANC won a majority of votes New constitution passed (1996) –Includes US-style Bill of Rights

India: Democratic Stability Partition & Independence (1947) Largest democracy on earth Advantages: –Military defends secular democracy –Came to independence w/larger industrial & scientific center; better infrastructure; larger middle class Jawaharlal Nehru –Dedicated to economic development Civil liberty preservation Social reforms for lower castes & women

India: Democratic Stability Economic Development Mix of private & state initiatives Green Revolution Growing middle class –Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, irrigation –Credited for averting a global famine World’s largest film industry