1. Africa and Asia in the Era of Independence Chapter 34

2. Intro “Revolutions are difficult to get going and even harder to sustain” Independence - ; Reality -  People who had united to gain independence, back to conflict No experience, resources Population growth and pollution

3. Challenges of independence Peasants/working class had been promised things to get their support Leaders unable to follow through Rivalries and conflict result Leaders neglected other problems to concentrate on political instability

4. In Depth: Artificial Nations Breakdown of political systems + human suffering Western colonialism contributed to problems West also has social problems (U.S. civil rights, etc)

5. Most new nations – artificial creations Europeans drew maps (arbitrary boundaries) Europeans drew maps (arbitrary boundaries) Combined different and hostile people Combined different and hostile people Not perfect before, but Europeans made it worse Often used “divide and rule” Often used “divide and rule” Unequal treatment of different groups Unequal treatment of different groups No common base, many separatists Boundaries, divisions have continued Democracy is victim of tension Huge military spending instead of social help for the people Death, destruction, disease, famine

6. Population New foods helped pop. grow Wars and famines reduced-help growth 20 th century-health care improves Asia-moderate growth of already huge pop Africa-amazing growth of small pop. Europeans conquer war, disease, famine and limited industry which helped pop. grow Could not follow the European pattern of dealing with pop. growth Resistance to birth control (social & religious)

7. Cities Mass migrations to cities Cities weren’t ready; not enough industry Urban poor – crowds, troops, mobs, etc Little urban planning possible Huge slum areas Cities-not self-sufficient, dependent on countryside Rural overpopulation Deforestation, pollution, soil depletion, overgrazing

8. Women’s roles Female suffrage in most new constitutions Legal equality but not in reality/society Continued male dominance Powerful women connected to powerful men Demographic consequences: health  less education, fewer women than men

9. Neocolonialism… No industrial base, little capital Sell cash crops (less food) and minerals (needed to industrialize) Exports vulnerable to changes in markets Much corruption at higher levels “price” for international assistance Leads to more unrest…

10. Different paths Good ideas suffer from corruption, errors Retreat to authoritarian rule  Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Can’t follow through on promises, people upset, so he becomes a dictator Can’t follow through on promises, people upset, so he becomes a dictator Military responses Very common-military typically has some training, more discipline, ready to use force, usually anti- communist Very common-military typically has some training, more discipline, ready to use force, usually anti- communist In power-usually repressive and corrupt, divert money to weapons In power-usually repressive and corrupt, divert money to weapons Some have unique ideas Some have unique ideas

11. Nasser-Egypt Free Officers Movement, military coup ’52 Loose alliance w/ Muslim Brotherhood Forced reforms, many backfired (Aswan Dam) Successor was Anwar Sadat-private instead of state initiatives, some progress Still pop. growth and gov’t corruption Sadat assassinated Hosni Mubarak ***

12. India-Nehru Most successful/largest democracy Military has defended democracy Head start-better industrial sector, larger and more skilled middle class Goals: social reform, economic development, preserve civil rights/democ. Moderate mix of state and private Pop. growth has offset economic gains Social reform has been slow, rural literacy low and much malnutrition

13. Iran Revolution of 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini-religious purification Toppled western-backed gov’t (Shah) Shi’ite Muslim (compare to Mahdi) Iran had not been formally colonized (China) Small middle-class “top-down” modernization Shah tried to develop but angered most in the process Ayatollah-strict Islamic codes (women  ) War against Iraq, harms Iran, leads to isolation

14. South Africa 1970-largest, populous, etc. area that was not free from colonial domination Apartheid: segregation, discrimination, “homelands”, police state Guerrilla resistance International boycott weakened economy Moderate Afrikaner leaders (deKlerk) wanted reforms Freed Mandela, he becomes leader