China Limits European contacts Chapter 19 Section 2

Key Terms Ming Dynasty Hongwu Yonglo Zheng He Manchus Qing Dynasty Kangxi

The Rise of the Ming China became a dominant power Vassals states in Korea paid the Ming tribute China expected the same from Europeans Was not going to let outsiders threaten peace and prosperity

The Rise of the Ming Ming had ended Mongol rule Hongwu- a peasant’s son who drove the Mongols out Ruled from Yuan capital Restored destroyed fields Erased all traces of the Mongol past

The Rise of the Ming Hongwu’s agriculture reforms increased rice production and irrigation Encouraged fish farming, growing crops (cotton, sugar cane) Brought stability to China

The Rise of the Ming Encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards Improved on restoring merit based civil service Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant Purged the government Killed thousands of officials

The Rise of the Ming Hongwu’s death in n1398 led to a power struggle Yonglo his son emerged victorious Moved the royal Court to Beijing Yonglo had a curiosity of the outside world Launched 7 voyages of exploration

The Voyages of Zeng He Chinese admiral who led all seven voyages Large distances, large fleet, large ships Went from Southeast Asia to Africa Fighting ships, storage vessels Treasure ships measuring over 400 feet

The Voyages of Zeng He 27,000 people in the crew Sailors, soldiers, carpenters, accountants, doctors and religious leaders Distributed gifts of silks and silver to show superiority 156 countries sent tribute to the Ming court After 7th voyage China withdrew in isolation

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Trade policies in the 1500’s isolation Only government could conduct foreign trade Only trade through three ports Canton Macao Ningbo

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Profited minded merchants smuggled goods Europeans paid with silver from American mines Silk-making and ceramics grew rapidly Manufacturing and commerce grew rapidly

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs Money supported foreigners who were robbers Chinese policies favored agriculture Taxes on manufacturing skyrocketed, agriculture stayed low

Ming Relations with Foreign Countries Missionaries accompanied traders to China Brought Christianity, knowledge of European science and technology (clock) Matteo Ricci- first Jesuit to have an impact

Manchus Found Qing Dynasty Higher taxes and bad harvest pushed peasants to starvation 1644 Manchus people invade China Seized Beijing and became the leader Upheld Confucian beliefs Qing Dynasty will rule for 260 years

China Under Qing Resisted the rule of non- Chinese Manchus Reduced government expenses and reduced taxes Scholar and patron of the arts Company of Jesuits in his court

China under Qing Jesuits taught him mathematics, science and medicine Qian-long (grandson) ruled from 1736-1795 China reached its greatest size and prosperity Expanded European missionaries in China

Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation Middle kingdom was the center of the universe fro 2,000 years Foreign states wanted to trade they had to follow Chinese rules Use only special ports and pay tribute Dutch accepted Chinese restrictions

Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation Kowtow ritual-kneeling in front of the emperor and touching your head nine times Dutch sold tea, silk and porcelain 1800 tea was 80% of the shipments Great Britain did not like Chinese restrictions

Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation Britain refused to kowtow and China declined the invite to trade China was self sufficient and did not need the British

Korea Under Manchus Manchus had conquered Korea Korea organized their government under Confucian ideas They adopted Chinese technology Chinese invasion and Japanese attacks provoked strong feelings of nationalism

Korea Under Manchus Sentiment was evident in their art Many artists showed popular Korean scenes

Life in Ming and Qing China Most families farmed the land Farmers grew more than rice (sweet potatoes, corn) Food production increased, population followed Families favored sons over daughters

Life in Ming and Qing China Only sons could perform vital religious rituals Females were not valued Many female infants were killed Men dominated the households

Life in Ming and Qing China Women had a lot of responsibilities Supervised children’s education Worked the fields Managed the family finances Women force to remain secluded in their homes Worked as midwives or textiles

Cultural Developments Chinese fiction written during this period Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan Examines upper class society in the 1700’s Valued techniques over creativity Pottery needed technical skill

Cultural Developments Experimentation led to production of high quality ceramics and porcelain Drama was popular entertainment Plays presented Chinese history and heroes Helped to unify and Chinese society by creating a national culture