Latin America AP World History

Latin America - Mexico 1810 – Father Hidalgo (Catholic Priest) wanted political freedom, to end slavery, and improve living conditions for Mexico’s poor September 16, 1810 – gives address called “el Grito de Delores” (Cry of Delores) Leads Native Americans & mestizos in armed movement 1811 – insurrection is put down by Spanish army Hidalgo is captured and executed

Latin America - Mexico 1813 – Jose Maria Morelos (Catholic priest) declares independence; takes over after Hidalgo Captures large portion of southern Mexico 1815 – is ultimately defeated by the Spanish & executed

Latin America - Mexico 1821- full independence is granted after creoles declare independence Led by Augustin de Iturbide Made himself emperor Was deposed in 1823 Mexico declares itself a republic in 1823 Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, & Honduras soon follow Mexico – unique because of lack of immigrant population

Latin America - Mexico 1876 – Porfirio Diaz begins 35 year rule of Mexico (eliminated opposition, but encouraged economic growth) 1910 – Middle class begins movement for election reform – escalates into 10 year rebellion (Mexican Revolution) 1921 – New constitution written – limited foreign investment, restricted church ownership of property, & education reform

Latin America – South America 1810 - Simon Bolivar (Creole from Venezuela) – known as “the liberator” starts a revolt in northern South America Leads to independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, & Ecuador (was Gran Colombia) 1826 – all of South America has been liberated by Bolivar

Independence of Haiti Led mainly by Francois Toussaint-Louverture Early 1790s – unrest from brutal rule of French leads to revolt

Francois Toussaint-Louverture Haitian Flag (white removed from French flag)

Latin America - Brazil 1808 – Napoleon invades Portugal – King João & royal family flee to Brazil (monarchy is transferred) João was a liberal ruler - brought reforms in education, military academies, art & medicine Rio de Janeiro is made the capital Dom Pedro (son of João) rules after King returns to Portugal September 1822 – won full independence and chooses constitutional monarchy as form of government Did not have to endure a prolonged, bloody revoution

Latin American - Problems Geography – hindered trade, commerce, transportation and economy Colonial heritage – not ready for independence Rigid Social Order Peninsulares – Europeans born in Spain Creoles – colonial born white aristocrats (dominated society) Mestizos / Mulattos – mixes of Europeans and Indians or slaves Indians / Descendants of slaves Slave uprising in Haiti eventually earns them independence (1790s) Catholicism dominated daily life