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Abnormal Behavior * A psychological disorder, causing distress, disability, or dysfunction. Defined symptomatically by the DSM. 2

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM IV-TR) Common language and standard criteria for classifying mental disorders Organization – 5 dimensions (or axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability. By American Psychiatric Association 3

Anxiety Disorders Anxiety – irrational fear, dread, or agitation; physiological arousal 1. Phobias: unreasonable fear; avoidance Specific phobia – clearly defined object or situation, e.g. dogs Social phobia – extreme shyness or discomfort in social situations 2. Panic Disorder *: Sudden attacks of apprehension & terror leading to behavioral changes & physical symptoms (Shortness of Breath, Rapid Pulse, trembling, sweating, fear) Diagnostic Criteria for Panic Disorder (with and without Agoraphobia) pg 440 DSM 4

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1. Obsessions *: Repetitive, distressing or frightening thoughts 2. Compulsions *: Repetitive behaviors in an attempt to calm the thoughts OCD- pg 462 DSM 5

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder * Response to an extreme stressor, e.g. war, natural disaster, life-threatening event Symptoms include : anxiety, insomnia, nightmares, intrusive thoughts, emotional problems Substance abuse & family problems common DSM pg 467

Somatoform Disorders * Real physical symptoms Not explained by medical condition. Stress-related More females Hypochondriasis*: excessive worry about having a physical illness DSM 490 7

Dissociative Identity Disorder 2 or more distinct personalities in the same person Memory disruption regarding the “alter” Rare NOT the same as Schizophrenia Used to be called multiple personality disorder DSM pg 529 8

Major depressive disorder * Low mood (despair) - withdrawal, loss of interest & pleasure; eating & sleeping disturbance, lack of energy, guilt More than 2 weeks Impaired functioning May have psychotic features Suicidal thoughts or attempts DSM 375 9

Schizophrenia Psychosis: loss of contact with reality Positive symptoms – hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate affect or behavior, loose associations, disorganized speech Negative symptoms – social withdrawal, deterioration of adaptive behavior, flat affect, poor problem solving abilities DSM

Types of Schizophrenia * Disorganized * Language and/or behavior chaotic, illogical Catatonic *Extreme disorder of movement or no movement, no speech, may be stiff or rigid Paranoid * Hallucinations or delusions most prominent symptom; thoughts of persecution/grandeur Undifferentiated * Mixed; symptoms from 2-3 other types 11

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia * Genetic Brain– loss of neurons; enlarged ventricles Neurotransmitters – e.g. excess dopamine Poverty, malnutrition, disease Prenatal damage – e.g. viruses Stress Substance Abuse may trigger Interactions between items above 12

Bipolar Disorder Alternates between lows (depression) & highs (mania); may be normal in between Depression* Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure. Mania * Exceptional energy, enthusiasm, agitation, irritable, may be out of control (sex, drugs, gambling, spending) DSM

Risk Factors for Suicide * Risk if have a Diagnosable psychiatric disorder More females attempt suicide. More males succeed Older men highest risk History of being abused High risk behavior Method (guns succeed more than pills) Risk - Prior attempts, family history, exposure 14

Personality Disorders * Cluster ACluster BCluster C ParanoidAntisocialDependent SchizoidNarcissisticAvoidant SchizotypalHistrionicObsessive-Compulsive *Passive-Aggressive 15 Deeply entrenched maladaptive personality qualities not short term, long disabling disorder, difficult to treat environmental contributors are stronger than genetic upbringing, culture, schools, religions Three “clusters” 1.Odd, eccentric 2.Dramatic/erratic 3.Anxious/inhibited

Antisocial Personality Disorder * Pervasive pattern of violating the rights of others Lie, cheat, steal, criminal behavior Alcohol, drug abuse Egocentric, impulsive Biological and environmental factors 3x more males 16