1. Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 36 Mental Health Problems

2. Slide 2 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  BASIC CONCEPTS  Mental relates to the mind. Mental health involves the mind. Mental health involves the mind.  Mental health and mental illness involve stress. Stress is the response or change in the body caused by any emotional, physical, social, or economic factor. Stress is the response or change in the body caused by any emotional, physical, social, or economic factor. Mental health means that the person copes with and adjusts to everyday stresses in ways accepted by society. Mental health means that the person copes with and adjusts to everyday stresses in ways accepted by society. Mental illness (mental disorder, emotional illness, psychiatric disorder) is a disturbance in the ability to cope with or adjust to stress. Mental illness (mental disorder, emotional illness, psychiatric disorder) is a disturbance in the ability to cope with or adjust to stress.

3. Slide 3 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Causes of mental health disorders include: Not being able to cope or adjust to stress Not being able to cope or adjust to stress Chemical imbalances Chemical imbalances Genetics Genetics Drugs or substance abuse Drugs or substance abuse Social and cultural factors Social and cultural factors

4. Slide 4 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  ANXIETY DISORDERS  Anxiety is a vague, uneasy feeling in response to stress.  Often, anxiety occurs when needs are not met.  Some anxiety is normal.  Signs and symptoms depend on the degree of anxiety.  Anxiety level depends on the stressor.  Coping and defense mechanisms are used to relieve anxiety.

5. Slide 5 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Panic disorder Panic is the highest level of anxiety. Panic is the highest level of anxiety. Panic attacks occur. Panic attacks occur. Panic disorder can last for a few months or for many years. Panic disorder can last for a few months or for many years.  Phobias Phobia means an intense fear, panic, or dread. Phobia means an intense fear, panic, or dread. The person has an intense fear of an object, situation, or activity that has little or no actual danger. The person has an intense fear of an object, situation, or activity that has little or no actual danger. When faced with the fear, the person has high anxiety and cannot function. When faced with the fear, the person has high anxiety and cannot function.

6. Slide 6 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) An obsession is a recurrent, unwanted thought, idea, or image. An obsession is a recurrent, unwanted thought, idea, or image. Compulsion is repeating an act over and over again (a ritual). Compulsion is repeating an act over and over again (a ritual). Some persons with OCD also have depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and other anxiety disorders. Some persons with OCD also have depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, and other anxiety disorders.

7. Slide 7 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  SCHIZOPHRENIA  Schizophrenia means split mind. It is a severe, chronic, disabling brain disorder. It is a severe, chronic, disabling brain disorder.  Schizophrenia involves: Psychosis Psychosis Delusion Delusion Hallucination Hallucination Paranoia Paranoia Delusion of grandeur Delusion of grandeur Delusion of persecution Delusion of persecution

8. Slide 8 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  The person with schizophrenia: The person has severe mental impairment (psychosis). The person has severe mental impairment (psychosis). The person has disturbed thinking and behavior. The person has disturbed thinking and behavior. Disorders of movement occur. Disorders of movement occur. Some persons regress. Some persons regress.  In men, the symptoms usually begin in the late teens or early 20s.  In women, symptoms usually begin in the mid-20s and early 30s.

9. Slide 9 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  People with schizophrenia do not tend to be violent.  Some persons with schizophrenia attempt suicide.  If a person talks about or tries to commit suicide: Call for the nurse at once. Call for the nurse at once. Do not leave the person alone. Do not leave the person alone.

10. Slide 10 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  MOOD DISORDERS  The person with bipolar disorder has severe extremes in mood, energy, and ability to function. There are emotional lows and emotional highs (depression and mania). There are emotional lows and emotional highs (depression and mania). The disorder also is called manic-depressive illness. The disorder also is called manic-depressive illness. The person may: The person may:  Be more depressed than manic  Be more manic than depressed  Alternate between depression and mania If a person talks about or tries to commit suicide: If a person talks about or tries to commit suicide:  Call for the nurse at once.  Do not leave the person alone.

11. Slide 11 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Major depression Depression involves the body, mood, and thoughts. Depression involves the body, mood, and thoughts. Symptoms affect work, study, sleep, eating, and other activities. Symptoms affect work, study, sleep, eating, and other activities. The person is very sad and loses interest in daily activities. The person is very sad and loses interest in daily activities. Depression is common in older persons. Depression is common in older persons. Depression in older persons: Depression in older persons:  Is often overlooked or a wrong diagnosis is made  Is often thought to be a cognitive disorder  Is often not treated

12. Slide 12 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  PERSONALITY DISORDERS  Personality disorders involve rigid and maladaptive behaviors.  Those with personality disorders cannot function well in society.  Personality disorders include: Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder Borderline personality disorder (BPD) Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

13. Slide 13 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTION  Substance abuse or addiction occurs when a person overuses or depends on alcohol or drugs. The person’s physical and mental health are affected. The person’s physical and mental health are affected. The welfare of others is affected. The welfare of others is affected.

14. Slide 14 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Alcoholism and alcohol abuse Alcoholism is a chronic disease, lasting throughout life. Alcoholism is a chronic disease, lasting throughout life. Lifestyle and genetics are risk factors. Lifestyle and genetics are risk factors. Some people turn to alcohol for relief from life stresses. Some people turn to alcohol for relief from life stresses. The craving for alcohol can be as strong as the need for food or water. The craving for alcohol can be as strong as the need for food or water. There is no cure. There is no cure. Alcoholism can be treated. Alcoholism can be treated. Alcohol effects vary with age. Alcohol effects vary with age. Mixing alcohol with some drugs can be harmful, even fatal. Mixing alcohol with some drugs can be harmful, even fatal. Alcohol makes some health problems worse. Alcohol makes some health problems worse.

15. Slide 15 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  Drug abuse and addiction Drug abuse is the overuse of a drug for non-medical or non-therapy effects. Drug abuse is the overuse of a drug for non-medical or non-therapy effects. Drug addition is a chronic, relapsing brain disease. Drug addition is a chronic, relapsing brain disease. Legal and illegal drugs are abused. Legal and illegal drugs are abused. Treatment depends on the type of drug and the person. Treatment depends on the type of drug and the person.

16. Slide 16 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  CARE AND TREATMENT  Treatment of mental health problems involves having the person explore his or her thoughts and feelings through various therapies.  Often, drugs are ordered.  The care plan reflects the person’s needs.  Communication is important.

17. Slide 17 Copyright © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.  QUALITY OF LIFE  Persons with mental health problems have the right to quality of life.  Protect the right to privacy and confidentiality.  Protect the right to personal choice.  Protect the person from abuse, mistreatment, and neglect.  Provide a safe setting.