1 Chapter 1 The Emergence of Civilization (3,700,000 B.C.–1200 B.C.) Mr. C. Dennison Cardinal Hayes HS Bronx, NY

2 hominids Early humans and other humanlike creatures.

3 artifacts Objects made and used by early humans.

4 limited evidence Evidence, such as artifacts, about which little information is given, requiring scientists to make educated guesses.

5 culture Beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people acquire by living together.

6 Nomads People who wander from place to place.

7 agriculture Raising of crops for food.

8 domestication Taming of animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs.

9 hunter-gatherers Early people who lived by hunting animals and gathering plants for food.

10 Neolithic agricultural revolution Shift in human history from food gathering to food producing.

11 Neanderthals Early people who lived during the Old Stone Age.

12 Cro-Magnons Group of early people appearing about 35,000 years ago in Europe.

13 Donald Johanson Anthropologists have found evidence that humanlike creatures appeared on Earth millions of years ago. In 1974 in Ethiopia, a team led by this person found the remains of a hominid skeleton.

14 Lucy name of a female hominid who may have lived 3 million years ago. She was named after a Beatle’s song.

15 civilization Complex culture that can produce a surplus of food, establish large towns with a government, and has people who perform different jobs.

16 Mary Leakey In the late 1970s in Tanzania, this anthropologist found parts of a skeleton dating back about 3.7 million years. Like Lucy, this hominid belonged to a group called Australopithecus or "southern ape."

17 You talkin to me?

18 irrigation System of ditches and canals that transports water from a source into an agricultural field.

19 division of labor Characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs.

20 artisans Skilled workers.

21 Homo sapiens in Latin, this term means "wise human" or "knowing human". Neanderthals and Cro- Magnons were both considered to be this species.

22

23 cultural diffusion Spread of culture from one area of the world to another.