1. What would make a good location for a civilization?

2. Chapter 1 The Emergence of Civilization

4. Section One Essential Questions
How do anthropologists, archaeologists, historians, and geographers study prehistory?
What were the achievements of Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon people?
What important changes did the Neolithic agricultural revolution cause?

5. Early Humans Paleolithic = Old Stone Age
Began 2.5 million years ago with the development of stone tools
Homo sapiens first appeared between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago
May have developed first in Africa
Neanderthals lived about 35,000 – 130,000 years ago in Europe and SW Asia
Used fire, had tools, buried their dead, buried meat and tools with their dead (afterlife?)

6. Paleolithic tools

7. Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age
Cro-Magnons appeared in Europe about 35,000 years ago
Better tools and weapons, artwork
Good hunters
Bow and arrow, fishhooks, spears, harpoons, tamed dogs, dugout canoes
Lasted until about 10,000 years ago

8. Cro-Magnon man

9. Neolithic = New Stone Age
From about 10,000 years ago until about 4,000 years ago
Polished and ground stone tools = more specialized tools
Began to settle in permanent villages and develop agriculture

10. Domestication of animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs
Learned how to plant seeds for crops
People had previously been nomadic hunter-gatherers

11. This revolutionized human life!
Now could stay in one spot - led to beginning of civilization as we know it
Known as Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
For the first time, humans had power over nature
Shifted from food gatherers to food producers

13. What makes people “civilized?”
Brainstorm!
What makes people “civilized?”

14. Section Two Essential Questions
What three main characteristics are shared by civilizations?
What two other characteristics may be shared by civilizations?
What other characteristics and achievements marked the first river valley civilizations?

15. Some climates were not suitable for farming and people continued hunting and gathering
Four regions became the sites of the first permanent human civilizations:
Nile River valley in Africa (Egypt)
Tigris and Euphrates River valley in southwest Asia (Iraq)
Indus River valley in southern Asia (Pakistan)
Yellow River valley in eastern Asia (China)

17. These four river valleys had some things in common:
Rivers rise and flood the valleys during periods of heavy rain
Similar latitude
Climate is warm or hot for most of the year
Farmers learned how to develop systems of irrigation for the dry seasons

18. Characteristics of Civilizations
1. Surplus food
Allowed them to remain in one location
Led to trade and warfare among groups
2. Government
Needed law and order
3. Division of labor
Made them more efficient
Not everyone needed to farm
Artisans, merchants, and traders emerged

19. 4. Calendar - Necessary for farming – kept track of floods 5
4. Calendar - Necessary for farming – kept track of floods 5. System of writing - Passed on information and ideas - Writing began universally around 3000 BC - Began “history” as we know it!

20. River Valley Civilizations
Use of metals
People of Nile and Tigris-Euphrates valleys began using copper around 6000 years ago
Use of bronze (mix of copper and tin) began about 5000 years ago – also in India and China
Invention of bronze marked end of Stone Age and start of Bronze Age
The Iron Age began in southwestern Asia around 3200 years ago

21. Family and Religion Women initially did much of the agriculture
With the invention of the plow, men did most of the farming and were thus the primary food providers
This allowed men to be the main authorities in society
People believed in many gods and goddesses and in forces of nature
Dependent on rain for their crops – prayed to nature gods