1. The Peopling of the World, Prehistory-2500 B.C.
Chapter 1
The Peopling of the World, Prehistory-2500 B.C.

2. Section 1: Human Origins in Africa
Archaeologist Mary Leakey discovered prehistoric footprints.
Anthropologist Donald Johanson discovered a 3.5 million year old complete skeleton.
Homo erectus people walked upright, used technology, and discovered fire.
Homo erectus developed into Homo sapiens (modern day humans).
Neanderthals developed religious beliefs and performed rituals.
Cro-Magnons were more advanced than Neanderthals.

3. Key Terms for Section 1
artifact: a human-made object, such as a tool, weapon, or piece of jewelry.
culture: a people’s unique way of life, as shown by its tools, customs, arts, and ideas.
hominid: a member of a biological group including human beings and related species that walk upright.
Paleolithic Age: a prehistoric period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8000 B.C., during which people made use of crude stone tools and weapons – also called the Old Stone Age.
Neolithic Age: a prehistoric period that began about 8000 B.C. and in some areas ended as early as 3000 B.C., during which people learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals – also called the New Stone Age.
Technology: the ways in which people apply knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs.
Homo sapiens: the biological species to which modern human beings belong.

4. Section 2: Humans Try to Control Nature
People of the Old Stone Age were nomads and hunter-gatherers.
People began making tools out of bones, stone, and wood.
Artistic creations, such as necklaces, sculptures, and paintings became popular.
The Neolithic Revolution began where people settled down in one area and started to farm and domesticate animals instead of hunt.
Agriculture played a large role in the formation of villages and communities.

5. Key Terms for Section 2
nomad: a member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water.
hunter-gatherer: a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods.
Neolithic Revolution: the major change in human life caused by the beginning of farming – that is, by people’s shift from food gathering to food gathering to food producing.
slash-and-burn farming: a farming method in which people clear fields by cutting and burning trees and grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil.
domestication: the taming of animals for human use.

6. Section 3: Civilization
It is believed that the first civilization arose in Sumer which was located in Mesopotamia.
Civilizations began to organize governments, religions, trade, and had a need for specialized workers.
Sumerian scribes invented cuneiform.
People began using bronze to make tools, weapons, and art rather than stone during the Bronze Age.
The first city in Sumer was Ur, which had an agricultural economy, thriving trade, and strong religious beliefs.

7. Key Terms for Section 3
civilization: a form of culture characterized by cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology.
specialization: the development of skills in the particular kind of work, such as trading or record keeping.
artisan: a skilled worker, such as a weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand.
institution: a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community.
scribe: one of the professional record keepers in early civilizations.
cuneiform: a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians around 3000 B.C.
Bronze Age: a period in human history, beginning around 3000 B.C. in some areas, during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons.
barter: a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money.
ziggurat: a tiered, pyramid-shaped structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple.