“Sustainable Power Development through Green Power Technologies” Presented By:

The Major Contradictory Challenges Faced by Developing world Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge Climate Change - rising GHG level Continued focus on coal based generation

Government of India’s National Missions National Solar Mission 2009 National Renewable Energy Mission “A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012” National Mission on Combating Climate Change through Green & Clean Power National Bio-diesel Mission National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation National Mission on ‘Clean Coal Technologies’ for Mega Power Generation

CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY INCREASED GHG EMISSION Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these, 98% were in developing nations. Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO 2 emissions at 50%. CO 2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm. There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO 2 level by end of the century. Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0 C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.

China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between and 92% of increase in coal use. World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum (MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.) Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next Three decades for India (87,093 MW Coal based generation out of 1,63,669 MW total power installed capacity)

Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO 2 ) Energy SectorCO 2 CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 +CH 4 +NO X ) Total Emission834 (58% of total) 928 (64% of total) Source: IAE: 1999

Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be the Green Thermal Power: Thermal326,000MW Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW Nuclear 20,000 MW Total450,000 MW

Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO 2 Options World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US - about 3TW, India TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day. By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO 2 energy to stabilize CO 2 in the atmosphere by mid century. Among the non-CO 2 options, it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.

11/28/ /28/ Can we address the following issues by roping in renewables? GDP growth must be sustained and lack of energy availability should not pull it down. Exchange crisis should not recur due to bulging Oil import bills Climate change is a concern and countries with low per capita income are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change The answer seems to be ….yes.

National Solar Mission- Proposed Road Map SegmentTarget ( ) Target ( ) Target ( ) Solar Collectors (million sq. meters) Off grid Solar applications, MW Utility grid power including rooftops, MW /28/201513

Renewable Energy potential In MP SourcePotential (MW)Installed (MW)Gap (MW) Conventional Sources (other than Central Sector) RENEWABLES Wind power Small Hydro Bio mass- Agro1386 Bio mass- Forest & Wasteland 2060 Solar500 11/28/201514

State-wise Wind Power Installed Capacity State Gross Potential (MW) Total Capacity (MW) till Andhra Pradesh Gujarat10, Karnataka11, Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa255- Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Others4 Total (All India) 48,

The National Solar Mission The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the Global efforts to meet the challenges of Climate Change

INDIAN POWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT Total Installed Capacity … 1,63,669 MW Thermal Generation … over 64 % Although no GHG reduction targets for India but taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY EFFICIENCY CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

Mission Energy Security and Energy independence Climate Change – Nature’s Fury Solar for irrigation High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells Hydrogen as Fuel for future Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear Reactor Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14 th Aug 2005

“We conclude that CO 2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO 2 emissions significantly while also allowing coal to meet the world’s pressing energy needs.” – MIT 2007 “Citizens of poor countries have the right to aspire to better standards of living… clean coal is key.” – Arun Ghosh, Global Economic Fellow, Oxford University “For decades, the coal industry has supported quality high-paying jobs for American workers, and coal has provided an important domestic source of reliable, affordable energy…. Charting a path toward clean coal is essential to achieving my Administration’s goals of providing clean energy…” – President Barack Obama, 2010

Prime Clean Coal Technology Options for India for 11 th & 12 th Plans Supercritical Power Plants Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Power Plants Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Power Plants

SUPER CRITICAL UNITS Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 o C Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum) Common Off site facility FW Temperature 270 o C – 275 o C with 6 Heaters. Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW * Number of Units22 Units * Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

Main advantages of Super-Critical Steam Cycle Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal efficiency Reduction of CO 2 emissions by 15% per unit of Power generated compared to sub-critical Very good part load efficiencies Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

Current State-of-Art Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants Pressure-300 bar Temperature-600 o C Efficiency-45% (LHV Basis) Nickel based alloys allows up 650 o C By the year o C By the year o C Cycle Efficiency-50-55%

IGCC TECHNOLOGY... Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency. Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%. The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are: 7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant. - Three major areas of technology that will contribute to improvements in IGCC are :  hot gas de-sulfurisation  hot gas particulate removal  advanced turbine systems

IGCC

Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc. CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology: Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO 2 with limestone injection the furnace. Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion

Steam to Super Heater Cyclone Furnace Coal Feed Hopper Ash Cooler Back-Pass ESP External Heat-Exchanger HP Air Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler

CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects Relative O&M Cost/kW Relative Capital Cost/kW Cycle Efficiency % IGCC PF+FGD/SC R CFBCITEM

Green Energy solutions  Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.  Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology  Energy Farming  Energy Efficiency  Major shift towards Green Technologies  Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

Table: 05 Cost of various CO2 (carbon dioxide) mitigation options in India TechnologyGreenhouse gas emission reduction Investment costCost-effectiveness (dollars/tonne CO2) Green Power generation Cogeneration1.50 kg/kWh900 dollars/kW10 (most cost effective) Combined cycle0.96 kg/kWh818 dollars/kW54 (cost effective) Inter-cooled steam-injected gas turbine 0.76 kg/kWh947 dollars/kW77 Pressurized fluidized bed combustion 0.18 kg/kWh1894 dollars/kW503 Integrated gasification combined cycle 0.23 kg/kWh1578 dollars/kW340 (at par) Pulverized coal super-critical boilers 0.18 kg/kWh1202 dollars/kW342 (at par) Coal washing0.125 kg/kWh11 dollars/kW179 CFBC0.20 kg/kWh1000 dollars/kW250 Renewable energy for power small hydro1.3 kg/kWh1950 dollars/kW88 (cost effective) wind farms1.3 kg/kWh1405 dollars/kW257 Biomass1.6 kg/kWh710 dollars/kW102 (cost effective) Solar thermal1.3 kg/kWh3730 dollars/kW592 Solar PV (photovoltaic)1.6 kg/kWh5952 dollars/kW541

Impact Green Projects at RGTU CO 2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and Biodiesel through Algae route Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of RGTU High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel reactors

CO 2 Capture & Sequestration Project An Impact Project of DST at RGPV Bhopal MODELING & SIMULATION OF CARBON RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY THROUGH CONVERSION OF CO 2 INTO USEFUL MULTIPURPOSE FUEL

Broad area of Research: CO 2 SEQUESTRATION (Under the National Program on Carbon Sequestration – NPCS of DST) Sub Area – Project Title: Modeling & Simulation of Carbon Recycling Technology Through Conversion of CO 2 Into Multipurpose Fuels. Objectives of the Proposal: 1. To establish a pilot plant for CO2 sequestration and conversion in to multipurpose fuel. 2. To develop Zero Emission Technology Projects and recycle Carbon-di-oxide to add value to clean energy projects by adopting two pathways:  Sequester CO 2 and convert the same into fuel molecules.  Use CO 2 to grow micro algae to produce Bio-diesel and Methane Gas. 3. To develop mathematical & chemical models for CO 2 sequestration, Hydro Gasifier, Catalytic conversion & Algae pond systems.

The following four systems have been incorporated: 1. CO 2 Capture & sequestration system – Indigenous Development 2. Catalytic Flash Reduction of CO 2 using charcoal from gasifier /lignite. Production of Hydrogen from CO 3.Production of Methane using Catalytic Conversion process 4. Production of Algae from CO 2 Sequestration with Solar flux.

CO2 Sequestration Pilot Plant installed under the DST Project

Methodology Description of the Pilot Plant:- Rated Capacity of the Capture of CO 2 : 500 kg/ day Source of CO 2 : Boiler of capacity 100kg/hr. steam & Biomass Gasifier of 10kWe Solvent used for capture of CO 2 : Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) SOx & NOx Removal: Na H CO 3, NaOH & Lime. Catalytic Converters / Reduction Unit - For Methane.... Input CO and H 2, Catalyst “R - 01 * - For Hydrogen.... Input CO and Steam, Catalyst “R - 02 * - For CO... Input CO 2 and Lignite /charcoals

Scheme Diagram of CO 2 Capture Pilot Plant

Innovations : Capture of CO 2 from Biomass and a Boiler on Pilot Scale and achieving capture efficiency of the order of 78% Production of CO in stable form and Water Gas shift reaction to produce fuel molecules like H 2 Catalyst development to produce Methane from the captured CO 2 Enhancing productivity of selected Micro-Algae for production of Bio- diesel Plant Cost optimization through in-house designing and erection work

THE ROAD MAP Government of India has declared its policy on CO 2 abatement by the announcement and adoption of the ‘National Action Plan on Climate Change’. It has also made voluntary commitment at the Copenhagen Summit that the Country shall decrease its Carbon Intensity by 20% by 2020 and 50% by The bulk of CO2 is emitted by the Thermal Plants in the Power Sector. For EPA regulations to be implemented there have to be a road map as to how this can be done without major impact on the cost or efficiency of the Thermal Plants

Solution lies in… The thermal plants in India have a thermal efficiency of 35% and an emission ratio of 0.90Kg/kWh of CO 2 emissions as published by CEA. The reduction of 20% intensity would translate to a decrease of 0.20Kg/kWh of CO 2 emissions i.e. below 0.70Kg/kWh CO 2 emissions by This decrease is possible by a combination of abatement and recycling measures. The CO 2 reduction by an Amine system of 30% CO 2 capture would mean a decrease of Thermal Efficiency by 2%

Recycling of CO2 The CO 2 so captured needs to be either compressed to be used in Enhanced Oil Recovery or recycled. The better option would be that the same be recycled. The system additions to the existing thermal plants would be a two stage gasifier to use up this CO 2. This would help recycle the Carbon of the CO 2 and the treated/ converted CO would be re-fed into the Boiler by means of a Gas Burner. This two stage gasifier would be made of a Gasifier Chamber where the Coal is gasified by an Oxy Fuel Process and this heated Gas fed into the second Reactor where treated Carbon is fed to react with the CO 2 being fed from the Amine stripper. The CO 2 so fed would be converted into CO having a LHV of 2414 kcal/Kg or 64.37% coal equivalent in terms of the Indian Coal having an average heat value of 3750 kcal/Kg

Application Potential: Long Term Deployment of the Technology to Actual Power Plants of NTPC through BHEL / TOSHIBA or any other major player Immediate Green Energy Technology Centre (GETC) being set-up for Teaching & Research (M. Tech & PhD) Future action plan: Efforts are underway to extend the scope of the process by incorporation a Coal gasifier and recycling of carbon through collaborative research and Distributive Research Initiatives (DRI) with Research Organizations and Power Industries.

India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. Some of the demo pilot projects include. -Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS will depend on this technology being cost effective. -Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS) Carbon Capture & Sequestration

CO 2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today Fuel switching (Coal NG) Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) (Post –Combustion CO 2 Capture) Gasification/ Reforming + CCS (Pre-Combustion CO 2 Capture) Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS

Demo Project –Strategy Plan Retrofit of existing 500MW coal fired thermal power plant in India. Demo with Post Combustion Capture and CO2 Usage

CO2 Capture/Sequestration Nuclear Renewable Million tones CO 2 Figure: Comparison of CO 2 capture & Sequestration Technologies with other leading mid-to long-term option $ per tonne CO2 avoided

Issues before the house Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO 2 capture and Clean Coal Technologies Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation on the top of the National Agenda Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of Energy Efficiency and Green Environment initiatives. Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and Green Technologies need to be redefined.