1. CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT
Dr. V. K. SETHI
Prof. & Head
RGPV
Bhopal

2. WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
PRIORITIES ON ENERGY GENERATION SECTOR:
Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology.
Promote CCT in countries where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation.
Reduce Atmospheric Pollution from Energy Generating Systems.
Enhance productivity through Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology.

3. POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
Installed capacity in utilities (March 31, 2002)
Thermal 73,274 mw
Hydro 25,574 mw
Nuclear 2,860 mw
Wind ,427 mw
Total ,03,135 mw
Total energy generation billion kwh
Per Capita Energy Consumption kwh

4. DEMAND PROJECTION YEAR 2012 CAPACITY ADDITION BY SECTORS
Central 46,500 MW
State & IPP 41,800 MW
NCES 10,700 MW
Nuclear 6,400 MW
Total ,400 MW
YEAR MIX OF GENERATION
Thermal ,000MW
Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW
Nuclear ,000 MW
Total ,000 MW

5. CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
Mining Management & Practices (Reduction of Extraneous material)
Coal Preparation Process after mining to improve inherent & Extraneous material (washing & beneficiation)
Conversion Technologies Supercritical, PFBC and IGCC
Post combustion cleaning Particulate and gaseous pollutants removal (Environmental requirement)

6. CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
VISION 2020
PROGRAM
Gasification using + fluidized bed, moving bed or Entrained bed Gasifiers
In-combustion Clean-up Fluidized bed combustion (CFBC, PFBC, AFBC)
Post combustion Clean-up-Desulfurization (FGC systems) Supercritical
Pre combustion Clean-up beneficiation/washing
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
Technologies for utilization of Coal for Power Generation with minimal pollutants discharged to the atmosphere (Reduced CO2, Sox, Nox, SPM) at high conversion efficiency……….World Coal Institute.

7. CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES
Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) are defined as ‘technologies designed to enhance:
Efficiency of conversion
Environmental acceptability of coal extraction, preparation and use.

8. COAL FOR POWER GENERATION
China and India are projected to account for30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between and 92% of increase in coal use.
The key environmental challenges facing the coal industry are related to :
Coal Mining
Particulate emission
Disturbance land me
Acid rain
Ozone and Waste disposal

9. INDIA AMONGST TOP SIX EMITTERS OF CO2
Country Total emission Percentage of
(Million Tonnes of CO2) world emission
USA %
China %
Russian Federation %
Japan %
Germany %
India %

10. Note : Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2)
Energy Sector CO2 CO2 equivalent
(CO2+CH4+NOx)
Total Emission
(58% of total) (64% of total)
Source : IAE : 1999

11. PER CAPITA EMISSIONS OF CO2 Top 6 Polluters

12. COST OF VARIOUS CO2 MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR INDIAN POWER SECTOR

13. Zero Emission Technology (ZET)
This technology combines and forms a part of :
Clean Coal Technologies
Solid to liquid fuel technology
GHG mitigation technology
Clean Development Mechanism for power sector
Non-CFC Refrigerant and Non-CFC Aerosol Propellant Technology
Clean Aviation Fuel or ATF for aircraft
Substitute LPG for domestic use.

14. Measures to achieve Sustainable Development
Promoting CCTs, including carbon sequestration is essential to a balanced cost effective climate change response
Developing countries where coal combustion efficiencies are low CCT promotion a need of the day.

15. EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT FORECAST CONVENTIONAL Vs IGCC ( Courtesy BHEL)60 55 50 45 40 35 30
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year of commercial use
Net Thermal Efficiency (%)
Ceramic gas
turbine
566 C o
600 C
623 C
1300 C
1500 C
540 C
650 C
1184 C
IGCC (15 C Amb)
IGCC (Indian Condition)
Super Critical PC Power Plant (15 C Amb.)
Super Critical PC Power Plant (Indian Condition)
Sub Critical PC Power Plant (Indian Condition)

16. POLLUTANT GENERATION FROM PC PLANTS
No Change Scenario
Specific Coal Consumption
=0.75 KG/KWH
Coal
Ash : 43%
Sulphur : 0.6%
Ideal Scenario
=0.35 KG/KWH
Ash : 15%
Sulphur : 3%
1997
2002
1997
2002
1997
2002
1997
2002
1997
2002
1997
2002

17. RELATIVE EMMISSION PC
PC+FGD
PFBC
IGCC

18. SUPER CRITICAL UNITS Standardized Unit Size 660 MW, 246 ata, 537 oC
Station Size 2x660 MW (Minimum)
Common Off site facility
FW Temperature 270 oC – 275 oC with 6 Heaters.
Total Capacity Planned 14,560 MW *
Number of Units 22 Units
* Includes 6x720 MW and 2x500 MW Imported sets.

19. Main advantages of Super-Critical Steam Cycle
Reduced fuel cost due to improved thermal efficiency
Reduction of CO2 emissions by 15% per unit of Power generated compared to sub-critical
Very good part load efficiencies
Plant costs are comparable with sub-critical units

20. Current State-of-Art Super-critical Steam Power Generation Plants
Pressure bar
Temperature - 600oC
Efficiency - 45% (LHV Basis)
Nickel based alloys allows up 650oC
By the year oC
By the year oC
Cycle Efficiency %

21. R&D IN SUPERCRITICAL TECHNOLOGY
Main Thrust Areas :
Materials & Metallurgy for components of boiler & turbine subjected to high temperature and high pressure.
Supercritical cycle optimization -incremental heat rate improvement
Retrofit of supercritical boiler to subcritical PC boiler
Fluidized bed supercritical steam cycles
Once through HRSGs with supercritical parameters
Multi-reheat supercritical boilers with double/triple reheater.

22. SUPER CRITICAL SCENARIO
EXPECTED BENEFITS:
Coal Saving 1,565,200 Tonnes
Co2 Emission Reduction 1,909, ”
SO2 Emission Reduction , ”
Ash Reduction , ”

23. COAL BASED COMBINED CYCLE PLANT
Routes
Combustion Gasification
Hot Flue gas under pressure drives the G.T.
Pressurized gasification process produces fuel for G.T.
Pressurized
Fluidized – BED
Combustor (PFBC)
Options Available
Moving – BED
Entrained – BED

24. COAL BASED COMBINED CYCLE POWER GENERATION
Offers Plant efficiency over 44% with advanced GT
Has Lower emission of gaseous and solid pollutants
Accept Inferior and varying quality of coals
Lower water requirement
Capability of phased construction and retrofitting

25. IGCC TECHNOLOGY ...
Gasification of coal is the cleanest way of utilization of coal, while combined cycle power generation gives the highest efficiency.
Integration of these two technologies in IGCC power generation offers the benefits of very low emissions and efficiencies of the order of 44-48%.
The comparative indices show that in case of IGCC, emission of particulate, NOx and SOx are:
7.1%, 20% and 16%, respectively, of the corresponding emissions from PC plant.

26. IGCC ...
Environmental performance of IGCC plants far exceeds that of conventional and even supercritical plants.
Three major areas of technology that will contribute to improvements in IGCC are :
hot gas de-sulfurisation
hot gas particulate removal
advanced turbine systems

27. DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS FOR IGCC
To utilize India’s low grade coal for power generation with improved plant efficiency.
To introduce coal gas in Natural Gas based Combined Cycle Plants in a phased manner.
To increase power generation capacity at the level of present emission.
To develop state of Art Technology for Indigenous and Export Markets.

28. IGCC

29. IGCC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA
MAJOR MILE STONES:
Choice of gasification for high ash coals by BHEL
6.2 MW IGCC demonstration plant established by BHEL both with Moving Bed and Fluidized Bed.
Coal Characterization by BHEL & IICT for gasification application.
Intensive data generated by IICT on oxygen-steam gasification in their Moving Bed gasifier.
Task force CEA, CSIR, NTPC & BHEL constituted to assess technological maturity & Financial requirement for a green field IGCC plant of 100 MW capacity at Dadri (NTPC).
BHEL, CSIR & NTPC prepared proposal for setting up of this 100 MW IGCC demonstration plant.

30. Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion
Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) technology has selectively been applied in India for firing high sulphur refinery residues, lignite, etc.
CFBC Technology is superior to PC Power Plant Technology:
Lower NOx formation and the ability to capture SO2 with limestone injection the furnace.

31. Circulating fluidized Bed Combustion
Good combustion efficiencies comparable to PC Power Plants.
The heat transfer coefficient of the CFB furnace is nearly double that of PC which makes the furnace compact.
Fuel Flexibility: The CFB can handle a wide range of fuels such as inferior coal, washery rejects, lignite, anthracite, petroleum coke and agricultural waste with lower heating.

32. Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler
Steam to Super Heater
Cyclone
Furnace
Coal Feed
Hopper
Ash Cooler
Back-Pass
ESP
External
Heat-Exchanger
HP Air

33. CFBC Vs Other Clean Coal Technologies
1.49
1.0
Relative O&M Cost/kW
Relative Capital Cost/kW
41-42
36.7
34.8
Cycle Eff. %
IGCC
PF+FGD/SCR
CFBC
ITEM
At present pulverized fuel firing with FGD are less costly than prevailing IGCC technology. However, firing in CFB Boiler is still more economical when using high sulfur lignite and low-grade coals and rejects.

34. Renovation & Modernization (R&M) and Life Extension (LE) of old power plants is a cost-effective option as compared to adding up green field plant capacities.
Growing environmental regulations would force many utilities within the country to go for revamping these polluting old power plants using environmentally benign CFBC technology.

35. SUMMERY
Sustainable Power Development calls for adoption of Clean Coal Technologies like Supercritical cycles, IGCC and FBC technologies
Supercritical Power technologies may selectively be used for Pit Head power generation using washed coal

36. SUMMERY
IGCC can revolutionize the power generation scenario in India, once the commercial viability of technology with high ash coals is established at the proposed 100 MW plant.
The success of the project will largely depend on maturity of Fluidized bed gasification technology for high ash Indian Coals.
CFBC technologies are particularly useful for Boiler Emission reduction through revamping of old polluting plants.

37. Than'Q'