K EY E VENTS IN I NTERNATIONAL S YSTEM D EVELOPMENT

K EY E VENTS The Beginning 18 th & 19 th Centuries 20 th & 21 st Centuries

T HE B EGINNING Why is this building, the Friedensaal, significant to international relations?

T REATY OF W ESTPHALIA Signed in ended the 30 Years War

T REATY OF W ESTPHALIA things came out of the Treaty: Sovereignty  States  System

M ULTIPOLAR S YSTEM OF E UROPE Power Pole Growing Power Pole Power Pole Power Pole 4+ Power Poles = Multipolar System Growing Power

18 TH & 19 TH C ENTURIES

E VOLUTION OF P OPULAR S OVEREIGNTY Raison d’état (‘Requirements of the State’) Divine Right of Kings Challenges to raison d’état ‘Popular’ sovereignty American, French Revolutions

E UROPEAN D OMINATION Scientific & Technological Advances Naval Technology Guns & Gunpowder Industrial Revolution Need to expand Colonialism & Imperialism What are these? Berlin Conference ( ) Where? ¤

T HE A MERICAS

A FRICA  Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Belgium  Portugal

A SIA  Britain  Netherlands  France  U.S.  Japan  Russia

T HE S UN N EVER S ETS

20 TH & 21 ST C ENTURIES

WWI Treaty of Versailles War Reparations League of Nations Empires end Ottoman Austro-Hungarian ¤ Among the terms of the Versailles Treaty were: Surrender of all German colonies Return disputed territories to France, Belgium, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, and Poland German reparations of £6,600 million (~ US 10.7 B) An acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war Limit army and navy troop sizes No tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft, no airships, naval vessels under 100,000 tons, no submarines Germany signed the Versailles Treaty under protest. The US Congress refused to ratify the treaty. Excerpt from

O TTOMAN E MPIRE FROM When the war started, the Ottoman Empire included: All of Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malta, Romania, Slovenia, Syria, Turkey Large parts of Egypt, Iraq, Libya

A USTRO -H UNGARIAN E MPIRE 1867–1918 All of Austria, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Parts of Romania, Poland, Germany, Italy, Ukraine

P OST - WWI Rise of Communist Russia Bolshevik Revolution Rise of German nationalism Either Death to Capitalism or Death by Capitalism

P OST - WWI The Great Depression Munich Conference Sudetenland Appeasement Policy Rising Soviet Union Neville Chamberlain ‘appeasing’ Hitler, 1938

WWII European Theater of Operations Pacific Theater of Operations

P OST - WWII Bretton Woods Conference Int’l Monetary Fund (IMF) Financial stability World Bank (WB) Development ¤

U NITED N ATIONS (1945) Purpose Transnational issues Self-determination US/SU push Decolonization ¤

UN S TRUCTURE UN General Assembly Secretary General UN Security Council = 15 Saudi says no ¤

US V. SU= B IPOLAR S YSTEM Growing Power Growing Power Superpower Pole Growing Power 2 Power Poles = Bipolar System Superpower Pole Growing Power

C OLD W AR E RA U.S. Containment Korea, Vietnam Cuban Missile Crisis Nixon goes to China ‘Globalization’ begins Berlin Wall is torn down Eastern Bloc follows Fall of the Soviet Union Back to multipolar system NATO ¤

S OVIET E MPIRE  15 C OUNTRIES

P OST -CW E RA AND NATO Why is the Baltic situation compared to the Sudetenland? Native-speaking Russians Estonia = 25% Latvia = 27% Lithuania = 6% - but– Kaliningrad factor Fear annex by Russia to protect ‘local’ population Russia  Ukraine (Crimea annex) Latvian Russians support annexation (2 in 3) Poland also concerned Want EU, NATO to do more Tougher sanctions Need alternative gas supply ¤

21 ST C ENTURY E CONOMY Economic division GN-many colonizers GS- almost all colonized European Union Expansion- 28 members Expansion Adoption of euro euro 19 members Global recession Eurocrisis World Trade Organization (WTO) Free trade ¤

21 ST C ENTURY S ECURITY 9/ War on Terror Afghanistan (2001), Iraq (2003) North Korea Concerns ¤

21 ST C ENTURY S ECURITY Arab SpringArab Spring Syria About conflict Assad regime

21 ST C ENTURY S ECURITY Jihadism- ‘ struggle ’ Islamic extremists al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas al-Shabab- Somalia Boko Haram- Nigeria, bordering states ‘Against Western education’ Islamic State (IS) Iraq, Syria, Libya ¤

21 ST C ENTURY S ECURITY Ukraine Crimea annexed Eastern revolt Ebola epidemic ¤

21 ST C ENTURY S ECURITY U.S. Cuban embargo

21 ST C ENTURY S ECURITY U.N. sanctions against Iran

K EY E VENTS R ECAP The Beginning Treaty of Westphalia 18 th & 19 th Centuries Shift in sovereignty Technological advances Colonization 20 th & 21 st Centuries World wars, Cold War Post-Cold War events