 By mid 16 th it was militant Catholicism v. militant Calvinism -> spread their word and defeat the other side  This was a religious/spiritual struggle -> leads to wars of religion  Economic, social, and political factors are involved in these conflicts

 HUGUENOTS  ULTRA-CATHOLICS = the Guise  Towns and nobles joined the Huguenots -> to resist the monarchy  POLITIQUES  Massacre at Vassy  St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Henry of Navarre  The Holy League and Henry of Guise  King Henry III  The War of the Three Henries  Henry of Navarre crowned King Henry IV -> converts to Catholicism “Paris is worth a Mass” Henry VI issues EDICT OF NANTES 1598 = legal toleration for Hugs/Prots

 King Philip II of Spain ( ) 1. Son and heir of Charles V 2. Militant Catholic 3. Reigns during the “siglo d’oro”/golden age of Spain 4. Controlled Spain, Netherlands, S. Italy, New World colonies 5. Make Spain the dominant power in Europe 6. Financed by new world gold and silver -> leads to inflation - > taxes and borrowing -> repudiation of debt -> decline of Spain after Philip 7. Lead struggle against the Muslim Ottoman Turks -> Battle of Lepanto Lead crusade against Protestantism 9. The Dutch Revolt 10. Struggle with Queen Elizabeth of England

 The Spanish Netherlands Rebellion against Philip II 1. 2.

 Begins in 1566  The Duke of Alva -> sent by Philip II to crush the revolt with an army of ten thousand  The Council of Blood -> organizes a reign over terror against protestants  William the Silent -> leader of the Dutch protestants  Duke of Parma -> new leader sent by Philip and splits the south and the north  Union of Arras > southern provinces remain loyal to Spain  Union of Utrecht -> protestant union of the 7 northern provinces  The United Provinces -> the Dutch Republic 1648

 Mary dies in 1558  Queen Elizabeth I ( )  Lays foundations for world power  Period of cultural renaissance in England  Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn  Elizabeth’s religious views 1. Protestant 2. Moderation and compromise

 THE ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT  MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS  PURITANS  GOVERNMENT AND FOREIGN POLICY  FRANCIS DRAKE AND THE SEA DOGS  ELIZABETH AND THE DUTCH REVOLT  ELIZABETH v. PHILIP II  THE SPANISH ARMADA  “The Golden Speech”