Cellular Energy (Ch. 5) Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Part 1: Basic Energy Concepts Potential Energy- stored energy Kinetic Energy- energy of motion First Law of Thermodynamics –Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Quick Review of Cell Concepts What are the 4 major molecules of life? Protein Lipid Nucleic Acid Carbohydrates- use?? What cellular structures make energy? –Mitochondria –Chloroplasts

Part II Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell- makes ATP (energy) Makes ATP through Cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2  6 CO H 2 O + energy (ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Part II Chloroplasts Perform photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O O 2 Carbon + Water + Sunlight  Glucose + Dioxide Oxygen

Part II Important Concepts Your cells do cellular respiration and have mitochondria! –This is a reason why…. –You need to eat and breathe oxygen,

Important Concepts Plant cells have mitochondria too! –The amount of mitochondria in plant cells is much smaller than that of animal cells Plant cells have chloroplasts –Photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular resp. –In other words chloroplasts make the products for cell respiration to start. –Cell resp. makes the products for photosynthesis to start.

It’s all Circular!!!! Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O O 2  6 CO H 2 O + energy (ATP) Photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O O 2

Part III: Energy in Autotrophs Autotrophs- organisms that make their own energy (usually from the sun) –These organisms do photosynthesis 6 CO H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O O 2 Examples of Autotrophs…

Part III: Energy in Autotrophs For photosynthesis to work, autotrophs must take in and absorb sunlight Pigments- molecules that absorb light –Each pigment absorbs a different wavelength of light Reason why different pigments are different colors Chlorophyll- green (doesn’t absorb green wavelength) Cartenoids- yellow/orange

ROY G BIV Red: Low frequency Low Energy Violet: High Frequency High Energy

Part IV: Energy in Heterotrophs Heterotrophs: must consume organisms to get energy –Food is Potential Energy (stored in chem bonds) Calorie- units that measure the amount of energy in food (1 cal = heat to raise 1 g of water 1 deg. C) This stored energy in food is used to make ATP

Part V: ATP ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate Function: Energy for cell Structure: The two phosphate groups have a negative charge and want to repel each other. This bond releases a lot of energy when broken

Part V: ATP Why use ATP? –Too much energy in a carbohydrate to be used efficiently

Part V: ATP Making ATP- (All food is made into ATP) –1) Phosphocreatine- enzyme that add P to ADP to make 1 ATP Quick energy Anaerobic (no oxygen needed) Occurs in cytoplasm

Part V: ATP Making ATP –2) Glycolysis and fermentation-partially breaking down glucose to make 2 ATP Short term energy Anaerobic Occurs in cytoplasm Types –Humans: Lactic Acid Fermentation –Yeast: Alcoholic Fermentation »Bread »Alcoholic Bevs

Part V: ATP Making ATP 3) Cellular Respiration- complete break down of glucose into 36 ATP C 6 H 12 O O 2  6 CO H 2 O + 36 ATP –Long term energy –Aerobic (need oxygen) –Occurs in mitochondria –Can use carbs, fats, proteins as fuel

Part VI: Diet and Exercise Metabolism- total of all chemical reactions in the body –More active a person is the higher their metabolism –Does your metabolism slow down? –How do you lose weight through diets? –What about those low carb diets?

Circular Energy (ATP) Movement Active Transport Production of fats, Proteins, sugars Waste Products ADP +P i Breakdown of Food