1. Photosynthesis Respiration

2. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Auto = Self
Trophic = feeding
Autotrophic = self feeding
Hetero = Different
Heterotrophic = different feeding

3. Autotrophs Organisms capable of making their own source of food
Plants are an example
They produce sugars by photosynthesis

4. Heterotrophs These organisms must consume other organisms for food
Animals are an example

5. Chemical Energy and ATP
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
It is a basic energy source that can be used by cells
Known as the energy “currency” of the cell
Made up of Adenosine and three phosphate groups

7. The energy is stored in the bonds of the phosphate groups
When a phosphate group is cleaved (removed), energy is released
A molecule of ATP is like a fully charged battery. Once one of the phosphates has been removed, the battery is no longer fully charged.

8. ADP Adenosine diphosphate is like a rechargeable battery.
Adding a phosphate group will recharge the battery to full capacity.

9. How do we make ATP from ADP?
Breaking down sugars via cellular respiration provides the energy needed to replace the lost phosphate group
This happens in the mitochondrion

10. Photosynthesis
All the energy for all organisms to make ATP comes from the sun!!!
Only photoautotrophs can produce the sugars from the sun
If there were no sunlight, there would be no life on our planet

11. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Not only does photosynthesis provide us with sugars to make ATP, it also removes Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and provides the oxygen we need to break down the sugars to make ATP!!!
GO HUG A TREE!!!

13. Where does this happen? In the chloroplast
Chlorophyll, the green pigment found in plants, captures sunlight
Other pigments are also used to capture sunlight

14. How do plants store the sun’s energy?
Plants take some of the sugars and build new plant cells (cellulose)
The rest of the energy is stored as starch
Animals get energy from the sun from the starch that they eat!!!

15. What can affect photosynthesis?
Water - remember, it is a reactant
Temperature – remember what happens to enzymes at high and low temperatures
Intensity of light – if there is no light, there is no energy to produce sugars

16. Cellular Respiration What is metabolism?
The sum of all chemical equations that occur in a living system
It is the breaking down of foods to produce energy and building materials and the build up of new molecules

17. Chemical Energy Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds
When the bonds are broken, the energy is released
What do we need to break these bonds?
Enzymes!!!

19. Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Aerobic respiration means there is oxygen available to carry out the entire process
Anaerobic means there is no oxygen available and only a portion of the cellular respiration pathway can be utilized

20. Overview of Aerobic Respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O
This reaction starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondrion
ATP is the energy that is released during this reaction

21. How much ATP? For every molecule of glucose, 36 ATP are produced
That 36 ATP is only 38% of the possible energy that can be harvested from glucose. What happens to the other 62%?

22. Anaerobic Respiration
There are two types of anaerobic respiration that can occur
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation

23. Alcoholic fermentation
Carried out by yeast, bacteria
Glucose  Ethyl alcohol + CO2
Used commercially to make beer, wine, cheese, bread

24. Lactic Acid fermentation
Carried out by animal muscle cells
Glucose  lactic acid
Lactic acid build up in muscle tissue can be painful

25. Aerobic vs Anaerobic
Aerobic respiration produces 36 ATP per glucose molecule
Anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule
Which is more efficient???

26. Comparing Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Energy capture
Chloroplasts
CO2 and H2O are reactants
Glucose and O2 are products
Respiration
Energy release
Mitochondrion
Glucose and O2 are reactants
CO2 and H2O are products