2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
ATP – the universal source of energy for all cell activities
(3-Phosphates) Charged
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - is a high energy molecule found in all cells, that powers all energy requiring cellular activities
Energy is stored in the bonds between the Phosphate molecules
(2- phosphates) Uncharged
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) – a molecule that has given up its energy to perform a cellular activity like active transport or muscle contractions.
In the Mitochondria ADP is charged by transferring energy stored in glucose to form ATP
Animation
ADP
ATP
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy
ATP
ADP
Charged Battery
Uncharged Battery
H2O
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions
CO2 O2

3. Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions
Aerobic Respiration
A E R O B I C
(With-Oxygen) X X
Aerobic (cellular) Respiration – Cellular process that uses oxygen to break down glucose into ATP (this process RECHARGES ADP)
Occurs in the mitochondria and makes large amount of ATP but only if there is oxygen present.
When your cells need more ATP (you become more active) you breath harder to bring in more oxygen in order to break down glucose T Y R G A E N
Chemical Equation +
CARBON DIOXIDE +
GLUCOSE
OXYGEN
WATER
ADP
ATP O2 +
CO2 +
H2O
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

4. + + + + + CO2 CO2 A N A E R O B I C X X O T Y R G A E N
Anaerobic Respiration
(without –oxygen)
Anaerobic Respiration – Cellular process that does NOT use oxygen to break down glucose into ATP
Occurs in the Cells Cytoplasm and makes small amounts of ATP when NO oxygen is present.
Anaerobic Respiration makes additional energy when more energy is needed than Aerobic Respiration can make.
Types of Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs in ANIMAL cells (this is the burning you feel during difficult exercise).
Alcoholic Fermentation – occurs in Yeast (a fungi used to make bread) cells (this is how beer and wine is made)
A N A E R O B I C X X O T Y R G
Glucose + +
CO2 +
LACTIC ACID A E N
ATP
Glucose + +
CO2
ALCOHOL
ATP
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

5. + + + + + O2 CO2 H2O Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis– Process that uses sunlight energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen gas.
Occurs in the Chloroplast of plants and algae
This process is essential to life, it changes the carbon dioxide gas that all organism produce during respiration and change it into oxygen and glucose. .
Chemical Equation + +
CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER
GLUCOSE
OXYGEN + +
CO2
H2O + O2
Goal 2.02 Structure and Function of Cells
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions
C6H12O6

6. Factors that affect the Rate of Respiration and Photosynthesis
Temperature
O2 Concentration
CO2
Concentration
Sunlight
Aerobic Respiration
Too ↑ or ↓ will slow or stop because of the enzymes that are at work
As O2 ↑ resp. will ↑
As O2 ↓ resp. will↓
No affect
N/A
Anaerobic Respiration
Photosynthesis
As CO2 ↑ Photosynthesis will ↑
As CO2 ↓ Photosynthesis will↓
Depending on the type of plant there is an optimal amount too ↑ or too↓ will slow or stop photosynthesis
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

7. The Carbon Cycle – plants turn the carbon dioxide gas that is produced from cellular respiration and turns it into Glucose (carbohydrates – chemical energy)
Produced in photosynthesis
Used in photosynthesis
Chloroplast-Found only in plant cells
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide + +
Water
Glucose
Mitochondria - found in all Eukaryotic Cells
Produced in cellular respiration
Used in cellular respiration
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

8. Bioenergetic Reactions = processes that provide energy for living things.
2 major processes:
Process
Who Does it?
Where Does it occur?
What’s Needed? (Reactants)
What’s made? (Products)
Turning the suns energy into → glucose (chemical energy)
Photosynthesis
Plants, Algae
Chloroplast
Carbon Dioxide, Water, Sunlight
Oxygen,
Glucose
Turning glucose into → ATP
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic Respiration)
All organisms
Mitochondria
Oxygen, Glucose
Carbon Dioxide, Water, 36 ATP
(Self – feeders)
(Others – feeders)
Autotroph- organisms that can make their own energy
Examples: plants, algae
Heterotroph- organisms that can NOT make their own energy and must consume (eat) other organisms
Examples: Animals, Fungi
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

9. During respiration, what if there is no oxygen
During respiration, what if there is no oxygen? Cells may carry on anaerobic respiration or fermentation
2 Types:
Process
Who does it?
How do we Know?
Products?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Some Bacteria
Vertebrate Muscle Cells
Pain in muscles when exercising is lactic acid build up
Carbon Dioxide
2ATP
Lactic Acid
Alcoholic Fermentation
Bacteria and Yeast
This is how beer and wine are made
Ethyl Alcohol
Why is the amount of ATP important? ATP provides energy for cells, therefore the more ATP, the more work can be done.
Goal 2.05 Bioenergetic Reactions

10. Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Location
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm of Vertebrate Animals and some Bacteria
Cytoplasm of yeast cells
Amount of Energy
Large amounts of energy; 36 ATP per glucose. But occurs slow
Small amounts of energy;
2 ATP per glucose
Small amounts of energy; 2 ATP per glucose
Aerobic or Anaerobic
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Examples
Distance Running, Swimming or riding a bike
Wall sits, push ups to failure, sprinting once around the track
Used in the production of bread (CO2 gas makes bread rise) , wine, and beer
Picture