Urban Sprawl Government notices problems in the 1980s –Urban sprawl –Car ownership rising (1960: 113/ : 422/1000) –Little housing for low income residents

Public Policy  Integration of environmental and public transportation elements into urban town planning early pedestrian-friendly goals stemmed from Historic Inner City 1969 vote to maintain Trams instead of car orientation 1970’s: transportation becomes central to city planning policy 1980’s: development based on “traffic displacement” approach Wulf Daseking: 1984 appointed Director of Planning Planning accounts for ecological impacts of transportation International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ICLEI “Local Governments for Sustainability”  Strict regulations on car use  Local Commuter Transport Systems (LCTS) Environmental Tickets  Zoning regulations ensure dense development

Historic Dense Development Post Zoning-Changes Old Zoning : Sprawl Effects of Integrated Development Policy

Government and Public Transit How Government Shapes the City KEY TENETS: Make Transit Attractive - City council shapes where people will travel through planning Direct development - public sector plays a strong central role Provides 85% of Financing Keep the Public Involved - Community is engaged in the planning process at every step

In Planning – Cyclist/Pedestrians > Public Transit >> Auto In Practice – Public Transit > Cyclist/Pedestrians >> Auto Priority

Urban Public Transit Light Rail 58 Vehicles 70% of users 27.5 km of track City Busses 62 Articulated, 21 Standard 30% of users 270 km network $35/mo after 30% price cut Serves 17 different transportation companies All of City and outer lying neighborhoods 2800 km of travel options

Passenger travel has increased by more than 100 percent since 1980.

What About Bicycling? Strongly encouraged and supported by city government 160 km of sign-posted bicycle paths Streets with restricted vehicle traffic –Ex. One-ways w/ 2-way bike traffic Bicycle “queuing strips” at some junctions – similar to “bike boxes” Bicycle station & mobility center – “Mobile” –Location: west side of R.R. station –Secure parking – 1001 guarded spaces –Rent-a-bike ~ 5-10 Euro/day –Repair services –Information center

And Pedestrians? Streets with restricted vehicle traffic, reduced speed limits Extensive pedestrian zone in city center – “Fußgängerzone” –No autos allowed –Only delivery trucks in early AM & street cleaners in late PM Benefit from city government’s efforts to promote cycling and public transit –Tendency towards pedestrian- friendly environment & easy access

Transportation Planning Reduction of Motorized Traffic Short Travel Distances Extreme price of gas High parking prices Environmentally friendly public transportation Slow traffic speeds

Conclusion Government planned communities –Can control design Vauban –Light rail installed before lots sold –Short distance and mixed routes for pedestrians and bikes –No parking zones Must rent spot in garages Car share programs 40 % without cars –Livable streets –Economic bonus – Low income housing and 600 jobs