Chemical Energy for Cells Chemical energy for cells comes in 2 forms: ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate (high energy) ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate (lower energy) triphosphateadenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Different foods provide different amounts of ATP: Fats store the most energy. about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. Up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP, but have about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate.

Chemical Energy in Plants Plants are producers because they produce their own chemical energy through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process that captures sunlight to make sugars (=carbs) for chemical energy. Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast organelle (in leaf cells).

Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. chloroplast stroma grana (thylakoids) grana/granum (pl.) (made up of thylakoids *containing chlorophyll) stroma (fluid outside grana) thylakoid

Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Sugar (glucose) 2 parts of Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent reactions take place in/across thylakoid. (Sunlight and water are used to produce ATP and give off oxygen) Light-Independent reactions take place in the stroma. (AKA: Calvin Cycle) (ATP and carbon dioxide are used to produce sugars)

C 6 H 12 O 6 grana (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 chloroplast energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

Respiration Cellular Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP(energy) * This is an aerobic process- it NEEDS oxygen

3 major steps: 1)Glycolysis: NOT in mitochondria (in cytoplasm of cell) = anaerobic process to make ATP In mitochondria: 2) Krebs cycle (in matrix): makes small amount of ATP, releases carbon dioxide 3) Electron transport (in inner membranes): makes ATP and releases water

6H O 2 6CO 2 6O 2 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis and