1. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) = Cells’ ENERGY molecule

2. Adenosine triphosphate (3) Adenosine triphosphate (3)
Energy
Energy A P
Adenosine diphosphate (2)

3. ATP is made from the breakdown of carbon based molecules
Molecule of choice is Carbohydrates (glucose)
Breakdown of 1 glucose molecule can generate 36 to 38 ATP
Lipids are long-term storage of chemical energy
Breakdown of 1 triglyceride molecule can generate 146 ATP
Proteins (amino acids) are last resort for energy
So where does the glucose come from?

4. Producers can produce their own organic carbon based molecules from inorganic material
Chemosynthesis – Organisms that use chemicals to generate carbon based molecules to be broken down for energy
Simple prokaryotes that exist in area where sunlight does not reach such as volcanic vents on the ocean floor.
Small percentage of Earth’s organisms
Producers for those ecosystems
Photosynthesis –Process that captures light energy to make sugars that store chemical energy
99% of life on Earth’s organism depend directly or indirectly of sunlight for energy

5. Contain chlorophyll a & b Absorbs red & blue light Reflect green light
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll a & b
Absorbs red & blue light
Reflect green light
Stroma
Grana
Thylakoid

6. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
chloroplasts
Membrane bound organelle
Grana(pl.) Granum (s.)
Stacks of membrane enclosed compartments containing chlorophyll
Thylakoid
Individual compartment
Stroma
Fluid that surrounds the grana inside chloroplast
Stroma
Grana
Thylakoid

7. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
2 Main Stages

8. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
2 Main Stages
Light Dependent
Purpose: Capture & transfer sunlight energy
Location: Within & across membrane of thylakoids
Requires: Sunlight & H2O
Outcome: ATP, NADPH, & O2

9. Glucose moves from the Chloroplast out to the cytoplasm of the cell
6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Light Independent (Calvin Cycle)
Purpose: Make glucose molecule
Location: Stroma
Requires: ATP, NADPH (from light dependent Rxn) and CO2
Outcome: Glucose molecule
Photosynthesis
2 Main Stages
Glucose moves from the Chloroplast out to the cytoplasm of the cell

10. Even though plant cells have chloroplasts and capture and convert sunlight, CO2 & H2O to make sugars that store chemical energy the cell cannot use sugar directly.
The cells of consumers must consume plants or other organisms that have eaten a plant to get glucose, but the cell cannot use sugar directly

11. C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to make ATP in three steps:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
These processes take place in the cytoplasm then mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria

12. C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Glycolysis
Purpose: Split a glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules for use in aerobic respiration
Location: Cytoplasm
Requires: Glucose
Anaerobic – No oxygen required
Outcome: 2 Three-carbon molecules (Pyruvate) and 2 ATP

13. energy from glycolysis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Krebs cycle
Purpose: Transfer energy for use in electron transport chain
Location: Interior or matrix of mitochondria
Requires: Two pyruvate molecules
Occurs twice (once for each pyruvate molecule)
Anaerobic (does not require O2)
Outcome: Energy for
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
electron transport chain, 2 ATP and 6 CO2

14. energy from glycolysis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Purpose: Produce 32 to 34 molecules of ATP
Location: Across inner membrane of mitochondria
Requires: Energy from Krebs in form of electron carriers
Requires O2 Aerobic
Outcome: 32 to 34 ATP molecules and 6 H2O
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

15. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis
1 molecule of glucose
6 O2 molecules
Dark Rxn
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate molecules
2 ATP
Light Rxn
Krebs Cycle
Electron carriers
2 ATP
6 CO2
Electron Transport Chain
32 to 34 ATP
6 H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

16. C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Glycolysis
Purpose: Split a glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules for use in aerobic respiration
Location: Cytoplasm
Requires: Glucose
Anaerobic – No oxygen required
Outcome: 2 Three-carbon molecules (Pyruvate) and 2 ATP

17. 3-carbon lactic acid molecules
(2)
3-carbon Pyruvate
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Cytoplasm
Anaerobic
No ATP produced
Removes e-s from NADH
Provides NAD+ for glycolysis to continue C C C C C C
NADH
NADH
NAD+
NAD+ C C C C C C
(2)
3-carbon lactic acid molecules
Occurs in humans

18. During brief periods without O2 cells use lactic acid fermentation:
Muscle cells
Require large amounts of ATP in rapid bursts
Lactic acid build up causes pain and cramps

19. Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in yeast, some plant cells Cytoplasm
Anaerobic
No ATP produced
Removes e-s from 2 NADH
Provides 2 NAD+ for glycolysis to continue
2 alcohol molecules
2 CO2
(2)
3-carbon Pyruvate C C C C C C
NADH
NADH
NAD+
NAD+ C C C C 2
2-carbon alcohol molecules O C O O C O 2
Carbon dioxide molecules
Occurs in yeast, some plant cells

20. Important uses of fermentation process