4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP All cells need chemical energy Cell Energy = ATP ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. –Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. –ADP – adenosine diphosphate –ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. triphosphateadenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds Starch molecule Glucose molecule

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Fats store the most energy. –80 percent of the energy in your body –about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Autotroph - manufacture own food most use photosynthesis –converts sunlight into chemical E –chemical E is stored in the form of sugars Heterotrophs – rely on other sources for E

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. live in places that never get sunlight. Chemosynthesis –uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food –Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP

Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar Glucose All sugars end in -ose 2 phases of photosynthesis 1.light-dependent reactions 2.light-independent reactions 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see 2. different colors have different wavelengths 3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis crest Trough I I wavelength

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Why are Leaves Green? ElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9http:// ElB7nLNHZvhSor-RW0mv1FE_IDi9ZuiA&index=9 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP

The light-dependent reactions –chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight –Photolysis – –Photolysis – water molecules are split –H 2 O  H + O –Takes place in the thylakoids (grana) –Increase surface area to increase amount of H 2 O split –Oxygen is released as waste 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The light-independent reactions –Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids –needs carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from atmosphere Carbon fixation – Calvin cycle - Carbon fixation –Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose) –C 6 H 12 O Photosynthesis in Detail

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ootenhttp://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story-of- photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten 4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The equation for the overall process is: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 chloroplast energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Light Dependent Light Independent

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP

1.Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) –C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C –Produces some ATP molecules –Takes place in cytoplasm 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 1. Glycolysis With O 2 Without O 2 2. Aerobic Respiration 2. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen 1.The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle –takes place in mitochondrial matrix –breaks down pyruvic acid –makes a small amount of ATP –releases carbon dioxide 6H O 2 6CO 2 6O 2 mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis and Krebs Cycle 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Aerobic Respiration 2. The Electron Transport Chain takes place on the cristae Makes a large amount of ATP Water is released as a waste product 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The equation for the overall process is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular Respiration The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail

13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships Anaerobic Respiration: Two Types 1.Lactic Acid Fermentation 2.Alcoholic Fermentation 4.6 Fermentation

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells. 1.Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate 2.Converts pyruvate  lactic acid –Muscle pain and weakness 4.6 Fermentation

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Alcoholic fermentation 1.Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate 2.Split pyruvate  ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide -Yogurt, cheese, bread 4.6 Fermentation

4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP

Extra Credit Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology Due: Thursday Oct 17 th