The Crusade of Catholic Spain

Charles V "I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse."

Division of Habsburg Lands Charles V abdicated in 1556 and divided his lands. Charles V abdicated in 1556 and divided his lands. Brother, Ferdinand I – Holy Roman Emperor: Brother, Ferdinand I – Holy Roman Emperor: - Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary - Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary Son, Philip II – of Spain Son, Philip II – of Spain - Spanish kingdoms, Portugal, 17 provinces of - Spanish kingdoms, Portugal, 17 provinces of Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Tunis Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Tunis

Philip II Fanatical Catholic – led the Catholic counteroffensive Fanatical Catholic – led the Catholic counteroffensive Reclusive, managed Spain by pen and paper rather than personal presence Reclusive, managed Spain by pen and paper rather than personal presence Received much wealth from New World; but died in debt Received much wealth from New World; but died in debt Had personal tragedy – son, Don Carlos (mad and treacherous) died mysteriously in 1568 – three months before the death of the queen Had personal tragedy – son, Don Carlos (mad and treacherous) died mysteriously in 1568 – three months before the death of the queen

The Escorial

Built in shape of grill in honor of St. Lawrence Built in shape of grill in honor of St. Lawrence Constructed of blocks of granite Constructed of blocks of granite Resembled a monastery, very austere Resembled a monastery, very austere Monks resided there Monks resided there Served as a palace, church, tomb, and monastery Served as a palace, church, tomb, and monastery

Supremacy in the Mediterranean First half of Philip’s reign focused on the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat. First half of Philip’s reign focused on the Mediterranean and the Turkish threat. By history, geography, and choice, Spain had been Catholic Europe’s champion against Islam. By history, geography, and choice, Spain had been Catholic Europe’s champion against Islam. During 1560s the Turks advanced deep into Austria and their fleets dominated the Mediterranean During 1560s the Turks advanced deep into Austria and their fleets dominated the Mediterranean : Philip’s half brother, illegitimate son of : Philip’s half brother, illegitimate son of Charles V, suppressed and dispersed the Moors in Granada Charles V, suppressed and dispersed the Moors in Granada

Don John

May 1571: Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the pope formed to check Turkish actions in Mediterranean May 1571: Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the pope formed to check Turkish actions in Mediterranean Battle of Lepanto: John’s fleet engaged Ottoman navy under Ali Pasha off coast of Lepanto in Gulf of Corinth on October 7, 1571 Battle of Lepanto: John’s fleet engaged Ottoman navy under Ali Pasha off coast of Lepanto in Gulf of Corinth on October 7, /3 of Turkish fleet destroyed - 1/3 of Turkish fleet destroyed - 30,000 Turks died - 30,000 Turks died Put down resistance in Portugal – annexed to Spain in 1580 Put down resistance in Portugal – annexed to Spain in 1580

Spanish Armada For about 5 years, it seemed the Catholic cause might prevail For about 5 years, it seemed the Catholic cause might prevail 1588: Philip launched the Spanish Armada in an attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I 1588: Philip launched the Spanish Armada in an attempt to punish Protestant England and its queen, Elizabeth I Elizabeth had supported Protestant subjects who had rebelled against Philip Elizabeth had supported Protestant subjects who had rebelled against Philip The fleet was decimated The fleet was decimated

The Netherlands Richest area of Philip’s Habsburg kingdom – and Europe as well Richest area of Philip’s Habsburg kingdom – and Europe as well In Spanish Netherlands, Philip had to maintain an army to keep his subjects under control In Spanish Netherlands, Philip had to maintain an army to keep his subjects under control Dutch had little in common with their Spanish rulers: Dutch had little in common with their Spanish rulers: - Spain > Catholic - Spain > Catholic - Netherlands > many Calvinist congregations - Netherlands > many Calvinist congregations - Spain > sluggish economy - Spain > sluggish economy - Dutch > prosperous middle class - Dutch > prosperous middle class

The merchant towns of the Netherlands were very independent The merchant towns of the Netherlands were very independent Philip raised taxes and took steps to crush Protestantism Philip raised taxes and took steps to crush Protestantism 1566: angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches 1566: angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches Philip sent an army under Spanish duke of Alva to punish them Philip sent an army under Spanish duke of Alva to punish them and set up the “Council of Blood” and set up the “Council of Blood” 1568: one day toll – 1500 Protestants and rebels executed 1568: one day toll – 1500 Protestants and rebels executed The Dutch fought for another 11 years – William of Nassau, the Prince of Orange – “the Silent” led the opposition The Dutch fought for another 11 years – William of Nassau, the Prince of Orange – “the Silent” led the opposition

William of Orange He placed the Netherlands’ political autonomy and well- being above religious creeds He placed the Netherlands’ political autonomy and well- being above religious creeds He personally passed through successive Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist stages He personally passed through successive Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist stages He married Anne of Saxony He married Anne of Saxony Became an avowed Calvinist after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572 Became an avowed Calvinist after the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1572

Independence The Dutch finally expelled the Spanish by opening the dikes and flooding the land – (they are below sea level) The Dutch finally expelled the Spanish by opening the dikes and flooding the land – (they are below sea level) 1579: 7 northern provinces united 1579: 7 northern provinces united - largely Protestant - largely Protestant - declared independence from Spain - declared independence from Spain - became United Provinces of the Netherlands - became United Provinces of the Netherlands 10 southern provinces were Catholic and remained under Spanish control – now present day Belgium 10 southern provinces were Catholic and remained under Spanish control – now present day Belgium

The Spanish Empire Weakens Treasure from the Americas helped cause long-term economic problems: Treasure from the Americas helped cause long-term economic problems: 1) Inflation – decline in value of money accompanied by rise in prices of goods and services 1) Inflation – decline in value of money accompanied by rise in prices of goods and services - 2 main causes of inflation in Spain - 2 main causes of inflation in Spain (1) Spain’s growing population (1) Spain’s growing population (2) As silver bullion flooded the market, its value dropped (2) As silver bullion flooded the market, its value dropped meaning people needed more and more amounts of silver meaning people needed more and more amounts of silver to buy things to buy things

2) Taxes 2) Taxes - Spain lost valuable artisans and businesspeople in - Spain lost valuable artisans and businesspeople in during Reconquista when they expelled Jews and during Reconquista when they expelled Jews and Muslims Muslims - Spain’s nobles didn’t have to pay taxes - Spain’s nobles didn’t have to pay taxes - tax burden fell on lower classes – couldn’t start their own - tax burden fell on lower classes – couldn’t start their own businesses businesses - as a result Spain never developed a middle class - as a result Spain never developed a middle class

3) Spain’s wealth went to their enemies 3) Spain’s wealth went to their enemies - Guilds still dominated Spain - Guilds still dominated Spain - Used old fashioned methods that made Spanish - Used old fashioned methods that made Spanish cloth and goods more expensive cloth and goods more expensive - As a result Spanish bought much of what they - As a result Spanish bought much of what they needed from France, England, Netherlands needed from France, England, Netherlands - Gold and silver from colonies flowed into pockets of foreigners - Gold and silver from colonies flowed into pockets of foreigners 4) Spain had to borrow money from German and Italian bankers to finance 4) Spain had to borrow money from German and Italian bankers to finance wars – Philip had to declare bankruptcy 3 times wars – Philip had to declare bankruptcy 3 times

Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature Spanish monarchs and nobles were patrons of art Spanish monarchs and nobles were patrons of art Works of great painters show the faith and pride in Spain Works of great painters show the faith and pride in Spain El Greco – “The Greek”, Domenikos Theotokopoulos El Greco – “The Greek”, Domenikos Theotokopoulos - born in Crete; spent adult life in Spain - born in Crete; spent adult life in Spain - his art puzzled the people of his time - his art puzzled the people of his time - chose brilliant, clashing colors; distorted human figure - chose brilliant, clashing colors; distorted human figure - expressed emotion symbolically in his paintings - expressed emotion symbolically in his paintings - techniques showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain in paintings of - techniques showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain in paintings of saints and martyrs saints and martyrs

Diego Velzaquez Diego Velzaquez - reflected pride in Spanish monarchy - reflected pride in Spanish monarchy - painted 50 years after El Greco - painted 50 years after El Greco - was court painter to Philip IV of Spain - was court painter to Philip IV of Spain - known for portraits of royal family and scenes of court - known for portraits of royal family and scenes of court life life - also used rich colors like El Greco - also used rich colors like El Greco

Don Quixote de la Mancha – 1605 – by Miguel de Cervantes Don Quixote de la Mancha – 1605 – by Miguel de Cervantes Birth of the modern European novel Birth of the modern European novel About a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights About a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading too many books about heroic knights The knights goal was to “right every manner of wrong” The knights goal was to “right every manner of wrong” At one point he mistakes some windmills for giants At one point he mistakes some windmills for giants Some critics believe Cervantes was mocking chivalry; others believe he was idealistic and longed for the romantic past because he was frustrated with his materialistic world Some critics believe Cervantes was mocking chivalry; others believe he was idealistic and longed for the romantic past because he was frustrated with his materialistic world