Before the Revolution in France The Old Regime- feudal system The Estates- social classes 1- Catholic clergy- owned 10% of land, paid 2% of taxes 2- Rich nobles- owned 20% of land, no taxes 3- Third Estate- 98% of the people A) Bourgeoisie- merchants & artisans, high taxes B) Workers- cooks & servants, low wages, barely surviving C) Peasants- 80% of population, 50% of income to nobles/ church

Seeds for the Revolution -Enlightenment- ideas of life, liberty, property, democracy appealed to the Third Estate -American Revolution- gave French citizens hope -Poor Economy- outrageous taxes, crop failures, high food prices (bread price doubled), govt. debt ($ to Amer. Revolution)

Bad Government King Louis XVI- poor ruler, ignored problems Queen Marie Antoinette- nicknamed “Madame Deficit” (they married at 15 & 14) spent millions- gowns, jewelry, parties, gambling (1 mil+ / 1 yr.)

The Revolution *The National Assembly- formed by Bourgeoisie to make laws, act of treason *Tennis Court Oath- King banned Assembly meeting- vowed to meet until they wrote a new constitution

Storming the Bastille

The Revolution *Storming the Bastille- July 14, revolutionaries took a prison, gunpowder stored there, Bastille Day *The Great Fear- panic peasants & nobles attacked each other women rioted (bread prices) stormed the Palace at Versailles captured Louis and Marie

March on Versailles

The Revolution and the National Assembly *Declaration of the Rights of Man- passed by Assembly- life, liberty, property, equal justice *New Constitution Assembly to pass laws, tax, declare war

War with Austria & Prussia Austrian and Prussian kings feared revolution- wanted Louis XVI put back on the throne. France declared war on Austria and Prussia French lose early battles Louis XVI & Marie jailed 1000’s of Louis supporters killed French win

Death Louis XVI French citizens joined political clubs - The Jacobin wanted Louis dead Louis found guilty of treason and executed by guillotine (1/21/1793)

Guillotine

The Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre lawyer, great orator, controlled the assembly, wanted to abolish nobility Committee of Public Safety closed churches, abolished Sundays, executed 1,000’s by guillotine, including Marie Antoinette

Execution of Marie Antoinette

The Reign of Terror Jean Paul Marat- wrote articles from bathtub calling for more executions- Marat stabbed 40,000 executed including Robespierre himself

The National Convention New constitution Power to upper middle class New govt. w/ a 2-house legislature “The Directory”- 5 member executive branch

NAPOLEON

Napoleon Bonaparte b in Corsica Military school at 9, finished at 16 Artillery Lieutenant (cannons) in Revolutionary Army Defended National Assembly against king’s army Helped defeat Austrians Commander of military, the “Grand Army” - b/cm dictator Signed peace treaty w/ Russia, Austria & Britain

Napoleon Helps France 1- Stable economy- fair taxes, National Bank, new currency 2- Gov’t reform- Napoleonic Code- new laws for all, fired corrupt officials, limited speech/ press *Lycees- schools for all children 3- Brings back Church- w/ gov’t control, concordat w/ Pope Pius VII

Napoleon and Josephine

The Empire Napoleon wanted world conquest *1803- Sold Louisiana Territory to US (Jefferson) - $15 million - hard to control –slave rebellions needed money for army *1804- declared himself Emperor Invaded Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Prussia Put relatives/friends over new territories (Brother Joseph- king of Spain) - Nepotism

Napoleon Miscues *Battle of Trafalgar (1805) British Admiral Horatio Nelson kept Napoleon out of Britain, both used blockades (Britain’s more effective), British defeated French SW of Spain *Portugal- Napoleon tried to attack Portugal thru Spain, guerillas in Spain fight French, and killed 300,000 French in 5 years

Rise of Nationalism Belief that people should be loyal to their country, pride in your nation Nationalism - spread thru Europe, resist the French

Napoleon in Russia Russia- June Napoleon & 422,000 men invaded Russia Russians retreated & scorched- earth policy French - nothing to eat (horses), soldiers deserted Sept French captured Moscow but Czar Alexander had burned the city Nov French starving, no supplies (some barefoot) Russian Winter (-30 F) French froze, starved, exhausted The “Grand Army” destroyed

Battle of Leipzig (1813) Austria, Russia & Prussia easily defeat Napoleon Napoleon surrendered Sent to live on Island of Elba

Napoleon Escapes Louis XVIII very unpopular Napoleon- escaped Elba, marched to Paris, gained support, arrived in Paris to cheers “Hundred Days”- his 2 nd rule Waterloo- Napoleon defeated by British & Prussians

Battle at Waterloo

Napoleon Exiled Napoleon sent to remote island of St. Helena Died 6 yrs later

Congress of Vienna Leaders of Europe met to redraw the map of Europe Est. a “Balance of Powers”