1. The French Revolution and the Reign of Terror:

2. French Revolution 1789-1815

3. France was made up of three classes/estates Lowest Estate 97% of Population ½ income in taxes The Bourgeoisie educated – lawyers, merchants Workers / Peasants Lowest Estate 97% of Population ½ income in taxes The Bourgeoisie educated – lawyers, merchants Workers / Peasants Privileged Rich Nobles composed 2% of population, but owned 20 % of land. Paid no taxes Privileged Rich Nobles composed 2% of population, but owned 20 % of land. Paid no taxes Privileged Clergy composed 1% of population, but owned 10% of Land and paid 2% of taxes Privileged Clergy composed 1% of population, but owned 10% of Land and paid 2% of taxes First Estate Second Estate Third Estate

4. Causes of the French Revolution The Enlightenment Ideas spread and people began questioning the structure of society. The Enlightenment Ideas spread and people began questioning the structure of society. People started using word like Equality, Liberty, & Democracy People started using word like Equality, Liberty, & Democracy The American Revolution inspired change within France The American Revolution inspired change within France France’s economy was failing and Taxes were becoming too large of a burden. France’s economy was failing and Taxes were becoming too large of a burden.

5. More Causes: French Government goes into heavy debt French Economy was failing as the Population was expanding rapidly. French Economy was failing as the Population was expanding rapidly. The cost of living Rose as the price of bread Doubled The cost of living Rose as the price of bread Doubled Debt increased as a result of France’s involvement in the American Revolution. Debt increased as a result of France’s involvement in the American Revolution.

6. Another Cause: Louis XVI can be categorized as a Weak ruler Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette when he was only 15 Louis XVI married Marie Antoinette when he was only 15 Marie Antoinette was unpopular because she was a member of the Austrian Royal Family. Marie Antoinette was unpopular because she was a member of the Austrian Royal Family.

7. Causes for the Revolution WarKing Estate System Enlightenment American Revolution Cost $ Louis XVI Was Weak Spent too Much Money Class System was unfair 3 rd Estate had no rights Ideas influenced change

8. The Dawn of Revolution Tax reforms had to be made Tax reforms had to be made France was in too much debt France was in too much debt Third Estate wants to vote Third Estate wants to vote Abbe Sieyes: What is the Third Estate? Everything What is the Third Estate? Everything What has it been up to now in the political order? Nothing What has it been up to now in the political order? Nothing What does it demand? To Become Something Herein What does it demand? To Become Something Herein

9. The Third Estate takes action Third Estate wanted to end the Monarchy and put in place a Representative Government. Third Estate wanted to end the Monarchy and put in place a Representative Government. Made a pledge called Tennis Court Oath Made a pledge called Tennis Court Oath King orders the Swiss Guard for protection King orders the Swiss Guard for protection

10. The Third Estate takes action The fall of Bastille became a symbolic act of revolution The fall of Bastille became a symbolic act of revolution French Revolution Waves of panic called the Great Fear spread though France French Revolution Waves of panic called the Great Fear spread though France French Revolution French Revolution Peasants revolt & Storm Versailles = Louis and Marie Antoinette leave Paris Peasants revolt & Storm Versailles = Louis and Marie Antoinette leave Paris Signals the start of radical reform ----- Signals the start of radical reform -----

11. When to Revolt? Students – Read and Answer the Questions below. Students – Read and Answer the Questions below. Compare France in 1789 to Wheaton North High School today. Compare France in 1789 to Wheaton North High School today. Put the Students, Administration & Teachers into Estates Put the Students, Administration & Teachers into Estates Explain why you put each group into their Estates use the book and notes as a reference Explain why you put each group into their Estates use the book and notes as a reference Under what conditions would it be ok for the students to revolt against the other Estates? Explain. Under what conditions would it be ok for the students to revolt against the other Estates? Explain.

12. New Government in France Third Estate creates the National Assembly Third Estate creates the National Assembly Pass laws to reform France Pass laws to reform France First and Second Estate join out of fear First and Second Estate join out of fear National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man

13. New Government in France “Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights….the aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural….rights of man. These rights are liberty, security, and resistance to oppression.” “Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights….the aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural….rights of man. These rights are liberty, security, and resistance to oppression.” National Assembly creates the new constitution called Legislative Assembly National Assembly creates the new constitution called Legislative Assembly Had the right to Create Laws Had the right to Create Laws Had the right to approve or prevent any war the king declared Had the right to approve or prevent any war the king declared

14. War with Austria & Prussia Austria & Prussia want Louis back on throne Austria & Prussia want Louis back on throne Legislative Assembly declares war Legislative Assembly declares war France is not equipped to handle war France is not equipped to handle war Prussia threaten to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed Prussia threaten to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed This angered French Revolutionaries called Parisians This angered French Revolutionaries called Parisians

15. Fear of Parisian leads to change Legislative Assembly gives up Constitution of 1791 Legislative Assembly gives up Constitution of 1791 Create National Convention Create National Convention Abolish Monarch and declare France a Republic Abolish Monarch and declare France a Republic

16. Death reigns supreme Radicals members of bourgeoisie called Jacobins Radicals members of bourgeoisie called Jacobins Wanted King Louis tried for Treason because of a failed escape attempt Wanted King Louis tried for Treason because of a failed escape attempt Louis was put to the Guillotine where his head would be cut off Louis was put to the Guillotine where his head would be cut off Thousands died by the guillotine Thousands died by the guillotine

17. Struggle for Power Maximilien Robespierre gained control of French Republic Maximilien Robespierre gained control of French Republic Wanted to build a “Republic of Virtue” Wanted to build a “Republic of Virtue” Became leader of Committee of Public Safety Became leader of Committee of Public Safety Decided who was enemy of French Republic Decided who was enemy of French Republic

18. Reign of Terror in France Robespierre governs by dictatorship Robespierre governs by dictatorship His period of control was called the Reign of Terror His period of control was called the Reign of Terror First victim was Marie Antoinette First victim was Marie Antoinette Many people were afraid to speak out against Robespierre’s policies Many people were afraid to speak out against Robespierre’s policies Reign ended when National Convention turned on Robespierre and sent him to the Guillotine Reign ended when National Convention turned on Robespierre and sent him to the Guillotine

19. Napoleon Forges an Empire Section 3

20. Napoleon gains control 5’3” 5’3” At 16 he was lieutenant At 16 he was lieutenant Fought for Revolution Fought for Revolution Savior of French Republic Savior of French Republic Leader of French Army Leader of French Army Dictator of France Dictator of France Coup d’etat – Overthrow Government Forced take over Josephine’s influence with wealthy directors Who was Napoleon?How Napoleon gained Power?

21. Life under Napoleon The EconomyGovernment/ Society Religion Revolution Goals  Equal Taxes  Lower Inflation  Less Government Corruption  Equal Opportunity  Less Power in Catholic Church  Religious Tolerance Napoleons Actions Set up fair tax codes Set up fair tax codes Set up national bank Set up national bank Stabilized currency Stabilized currency Loans to businesses Loans to businesses Appointed officials by merit Appointed officials by merit Fired corrupt officials Fired corrupt officials Created lycees Created lycees Created code of laws Created code of laws Recognized Catholic church Recognized Catholic church Signed agreement with pope Signed agreement with pope Retained church land Retained church land

22. Life under Napoleon cont… Napoleon signed a Concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII Napoleon signed a Concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII Government recognized the church Government recognized the church No impact in national affairs No impact in national affairs Created Napoleonic Codes Created Napoleonic Codes Comprehensive set of laws Comprehensive set of laws Eliminate injustice Eliminate injustice Limited liberty Limited liberty Promoted order and authority over individual rights Promoted order and authority over individual rights

23. Napoleon Expands his Empire Western Empire included: Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana, West Indies Key was sugar producing colony of Saint Domingue Key was sugar producing colony of Saint Domingue Napoleon abandons colony after difficult fight with slaves Napoleon abandons colony after difficult fight with slaves U.S. show interest in Louisiana Territory U.S. show interest in Louisiana Territory Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory for $15 Million to Thomas Jefferson. Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory for $15 Million to Thomas Jefferson.

24. Napoleon Expands his Empire Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join Third Coalition Britain persuades Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join Third Coalition Eventually Prussia, Russia and Austria sign peace treaties Eventually Prussia, Russia and Austria sign peace treaties Britain becomes biggest threat to France Britain becomes biggest threat to France Napoleon’s only lost against the Third Coalition was the Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon’s only lost against the Third Coalition was the Battle of Trafalgar British Navy was superior British Navy was superior Commanded by Horatio Nelson Commanded by Horatio Nelson Proved two things: British still had strongest Navy & Napoleon had to give up plans to invade Britain. Proved two things: British still had strongest Navy & Napoleon had to give up plans to invade Britain.

25. Napoleon focuses his efforts toward expanding French borders Nationalism leads to greed Nationalism leads to greed Nationalism Spreads to other countries Nationalism Spreads to other countries Led to his defeat Led to his defeat Citizens wanted a better country Wanted reform French Support of War Nationalism both helps and hurts Napoleon’s efforts Define Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to ones country Helped Hurt

26. Spain and Austria Resist French Control Spain uses Guerilla Warfare to attack France Spain uses Guerilla Warfare to attack France Define Guerilla Warfare: Hit and run raids of small bands of soldiers Define Guerilla Warfare: Hit and run raids of small bands of soldiers Austria loses Battle of Austerlitz and Battle of Wagram Austria loses Battle of Austerlitz and Battle of Wagram Sign peace agreement  Surrenders lands populated by more than 3 million people Sign peace agreement  Surrenders lands populated by more than 3 million people

27. Russia and France Battle Napoleon assembles Grand Army Napoleon assembles Grand Army 600,000 Soldiers and 50,000 Horses 600,000 Soldiers and 50,000 Horses Russia uses Scorched-Earth Policy to avoid Napoleon Russia uses Scorched-Earth Policy to avoid Napoleon French army become desperate for food in long winter French army become desperate for food in long winter Only 20,000 soldiers were left Only 20,000 soldiers were left Many deserted Many deserted

28. The End is Near Napoleon’s defeat crushes his reputation Napoleon’s defeat crushes his reputation An alliance of Europe work to defeat Napoleon at Battle of Nations An alliance of Europe work to defeat Napoleon at Battle of Nations Exiled to Elba an island in the Mediterranean Exiled to Elba an island in the Mediterranean Escapes and returns to France – Known as the 100 days Escapes and returns to France – Known as the 100 days Loses at Battle of Waterloo – Britain and Prussia vs. France Loses at Battle of Waterloo – Britain and Prussia vs. France

29. Congress of Vienna After Waterloo the heads of countries had to restore order in Europe After Waterloo the heads of countries had to restore order in Europe The congress met for 10 months The congress met for 10 months The dominate figure was Metternich – Prince of Austria The dominate figure was Metternich – Prince of Austria Main goals were to Establish a Balance or Power and to Create a Lasting Peace in Europe Main goals were to Establish a Balance or Power and to Create a Lasting Peace in Europe Failed to see the effects of Nationalism Failed to see the effects of Nationalism