AQMD’s Five Cities Program: Demonstrating Hydrogen Vehicles and Infrastructure Patricia Kwon South Coast Air Quality Management District

Five Cities Program Goals  30 hydrogen vehicles and 5 stations  Hydrogen is a potential long term fuel/vehicle option  Ongoing programs (light duty, transit)  Increase hydrogen fueling infrastructure  Provide demand for hydrogen fueling  Accelerate implementation of clean fuels and advanced technologies  Achieve air quality, criteria pollutants, GHG reductions, alt fuel objectives Riverside station grand opening

Five Cities Program Sites Cities of Burbank, Ontario, Riverside, Santa Ana, Santa Monica

Delivery of Vehicles and Stations 1 AQMD station not part of Five Cities program 2 Electrolyzer replaced with 700 bar station SMR in Sept 2008 (108 kg production and 60 kg storage) CityVehicles Delivered Station Open TechnologyProductionStorage AQMD 1 4/065/05Electrolyzer24 kg/day60 Santa Ana4/061/06Mobile Refueler 150 Ontario4/061/06Mobile Refueler 150 Riverside4/061/06Electrolyzer12 kg/day60 Burbank4/061/06Electrolyzer 2 12 kg/day60 Santa Monica 4/066/06Electrolyzer12 kg/day60

H 2 Station Specifications  Air Products installed PEM electrolyzer based H 2 refueling systems for Burbank, Riverside, Santa Monica  Mobile refueling units (HF-150) for Santa Ana and Ontario HF-150 Riverside station dispenser

Conversion of Prius to H 2  Quantum converted Prius to H 2 ICE  Dedicated H 2 fuel system using components designed for high pressure H 2 exposure  FMVSS front, side, rear barrier crash testing at 30.5 mph without fuel leakage  Quantum accumulated 10,000 miles and 200 hours dyno accumulation  Emission certification to SULEV standards

Performance of H 2 Vehicles  H 2 ICE vehicles display similar fuel economy as gasoline prius (46 mpg) or first gen FCV (45 miles/kg)  Fuel economy for H 2 vehicles consistent over time ( )  Emissions well below SULEV levels

Data Collection Methodology  Data collection and analysis  Vehicle performance data (trip logs, emissions, fuel economy)  Infrastructure data (fuel, maintenance logs, electricity use)  Survey data (user perceptions)

Fuel Economy─ ICE vs Gas Prius and FCV Fuel economy for mobile refuelers at Ontario and Santa Ana adjusted Comparison to 2004 Gas Prius, first generation FCV from AQMD fleet, and 2010 Honda FCX Clarity (combined fuel economy)

User Feedback  Evaluation plan created  Vehicles on the road for 3+ years  Surveys assess user experience, technical issues, future upgrades  Drivers and maintenance staff surveyed in 2008 and 2010 to assess perceptions over time

Survey Findings─ Quality of Driver Experience  Drivers report two different types of driving experiences  41% of drivers using vehicles daily (average 40 miles per vehicle trip) report few or no problems with vehicle performance  51% of drivers use vehicles weekly (average 10 miles per vehicle trip) report problems fairly often

Technical Challenges  Water accumulates in engine oil if engine is not warmed up (very short drive cycle)  Tank packaging in vehicle (design tank for car vs design car for tank)  Performance vs emissions  Vehicle range (2 or 3 tanks)  Hesitation/power from water accumulation Insert hole in resonator to remove water created during hydrogen combustion

Resolution of Technical Issues  Fleet staff more so than drivers felt technical issues were mostly or completely resolved  Software upgrades for improved emissions and performance  Startup issues but continuous improvements made throughout program Technical IssueDriversFleet Staff Hesitation/Power2586 Maneuverability4067 Water Accumulation in Oil1457

Quality of Driving Experience Compared to a gas powered Prius, fleet staff and drivers agreed or strongly agreed that H 2 vehicles had similar… Driving Experience ParametersDriversFleet Staff Performance4657 Maneuverability6171 Power4357

Minimum Requirements for New H 2 Vehicles Responding Agree or Strongly Agree DriversFleet Staff Perform similarly to gas vehicles5571 Have similar power6557 Meet minimum range of 100 miles6050

Lessons Learned  First impressions on vehicles hard to reshape  Range anxiety takes time to overcome  This vehicle conversion needs longer vehicle trips (40 miles) and daily driving on freeways (higher engine temp)

Potential Next Steps─ Infrastructure Upgrading station software to collect vehicle ID and odometer readings to link H 2 dispensed with mileage at same point in time Modify software to lower cost of operation— produce H 2 during off peak hours Establish WiFi connection for laptop for automatic collection of station data

Potential Next Steps─Vehicles  Continue program and mileage accumulation to collect additional vehicle data  Add additional hydrogen storage capacity to increase vehicle range  Place vehicles with drivers that can drive them daily and on longer vehicle trips

Thank You For more information please contact Patricia Kwon at (909)